{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:22:12Z","timestamp":1791649332628,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-025-04542-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T06:19:45Z","timestamp":1761977985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In-vitro analysis of biofilm formation and synergistic antibiotic-phage therapy for amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8508-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjeet Kumar","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4288-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhupendra Singh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4074-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minakshi","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1005-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayu","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4652-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopal","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4542_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AL-Kafaween MA (2019) Characterization of biofilm formation by Escherichia coli: An in vitro study, Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, 7(3), pp. 17\u201319. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7324\/JABB.2019.70304","DOI":"10.7324\/JABB.2019.70304"},{"key":"4542_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alharazi T et al (2024) Increasing Resistance of Nosocomial and Community-Acquired Escherichia coli in Clinical Samples from Hospitals and Clinics in Sana\u2019a City, Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 18(3), pp. 1741\u20131751. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/JPAM.18.3.23","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.18.3.23"},{"key":"4542_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alsultan A, Elhadi N (2022) Evaluation of ERIC-PCR method for determining genetic diversity among Escherichia coli isolated from human and retail imported frozen shrimp and beef, International Journal of Food Contamination, 9(1), p. 12. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40550-022-00098-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-022-00098-1"},{"key":"4542_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Badulla WFS, Alshakka M, Ibrahim M (2020) M.I. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles for Different Isolates in Aden, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Resource-Poor Setting, BioMed Research International, 2020, p. 1810290. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/1810290","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1810290"},{"key":"4542_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baharoglu Z, Mazel D (2014) SOS, the formidable strategy of bacteria against aggressions, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 38(6), pp. 1126\u20131145. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1574-6976.12077","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12077"},{"key":"4542_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bedi MS, Verma V, Chhibber S (2009) Amoxicillin and specific bacteriophage can be used together for eradication of biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 25(7), pp. 1145\u20131151. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-009-9991-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-9991-8"},{"key":"4542_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benfield AH, Henriques ST (2020) Mode-of-Action of Antimicrobial Peptides: Membrane Disruption vs. Intracellular Mechanisms, Frontiers in Medical Technology, 2, p. 610997. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedt.2020.610997","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2020.610997"},{"key":"4542_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burm\u00f8lle M et al (2010) Biofilms in chronic infections \u2013 a matter of opportunity \u2013 monospecies biofilms in multispecies infections, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 59(3), pp. 324\u2013336. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00714.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00714.x"},{"key":"4542_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Comeau AM et al (2007) Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): \u03b2-Lactam and Quinolone Antibiotics Stimulate Virulent Phage Growth, PLoS ONE. Edited by D. Fox, 2(8), p. e799. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000799"},{"key":"4542_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gautam P et al (2025) An Integrative Analysis of Metagenomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Metabolic Alterations in ALS: Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Insights, ACS Chemical Neuroscience, p. acschemneuro.5c00254. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00254","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00254"},{"key":"4542_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghaleb Y et al (2018) The Growing Antimicrobial Resistance of Urinary Tract Infections, Sana\u2019a- Yemen, 2015, Iproceedings, 4(1), p. e10539. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/10539","DOI":"10.2196\/10539"},{"key":"4542_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomes LC, Mergulh\u00e3o FJ (2017) SEM Analysis of Surface Impact on Biofilm Antibiotic Treatment, Scanning, 2017, pp. 1\u20137. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/2960194","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2960194"},{"key":"4542_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habib AM et al (2012) Overlap of endocrine hormone expression in the mouse intestine revealed by transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry, Endocrinology, 153(7), pp. 3054\u20133065. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2011-2170","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2170"},{"key":"4542_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hanlon GW (2007) Bacteriophages: an appraisal of their role in the treatment of bacterial infections, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30(2), pp. 118\u2013128. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.006"},{"key":"4542_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia K et al (2020) Genomic, Morphological and Functional Characterization of Virulent Bacteriophage IME-JL8 Targeting Citrobacter freundii, Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, p. 585261. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585261"},{"key":"4542_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones RN et al (2007) Comparisons of parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporins tested against bacterial isolates from pediatric patients: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998\u20132004), Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 57(1), pp. 109\u2013116. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.06.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.06.011"},{"key":"4542_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar R, Singh S, Nath G (2022) Does Over-colonization of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Gut Cause Obesity? Journal of Gastrointestinal Infections, 11(1), pp. 3\u20138. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10068-3048","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10068-3048"},{"key":"4542_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu L et al (2012) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000, The Lancet, 379(9832), pp. 2151\u20132161. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1"},{"key":"4542_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loc-Carrillo C, Abedon ST (2011) Pros and cons of phage therapy, Bacteriophage, 1(2), pp. 111\u2013114. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/bact.1.2.14590","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.2.14590"},{"key":"4542_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopes A, Pereira C, Almeida A (2018) Sequential Combined Effect of Phages and Antibiotics on the Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Microorganisms, 6(4), p. 125. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms6040125","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040125"},{"key":"4542_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay S et al (2023) Sequential treatment effects on phage\u2013antibiotic synergistic application against multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 62(5), p. 106951. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106951"},{"key":"4542_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naqid IA et al (2020) Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Various Clinical Samples in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, International Journal of Infection, 7(3). Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/iji.103740","DOI":"10.5812\/iji.103740"},{"key":"4542_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nath G (2025) Evaluation of Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS) Against Biofilm Formed by Colistin-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, pp. 1\u201312. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46889\/JCIM.2025.6202","DOI":"10.46889\/JCIM.2025.6202"},{"key":"4542_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nath G et al (2019) Bacteriophage Therapy: An Alternative to Antibiotics\u2014An Experimental Study in Mice, Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), 55, pp. 151\u2013158. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1698545","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698545"},{"key":"4542_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patry I et al (2005) Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the amoxycillin-clavulanate combination: which recommendations should be used to provide relevant information to clinicians? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 11(3), pp. 237\u2013240. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01075.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01075.x"},{"key":"4542_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prasertsiriphong S et al (2019) Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from the Fecal Flora of Humans in a Rural Area of Songkhla Province, Journal of Health Science and Medical Research [Preprint]. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31584\/jhsmr.201967","DOI":"10.31584\/jhsmr.201967"},{"key":"4542_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasheed Hussein N et al (2017) Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns Among Women Referred to Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Iraq, Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5(2), pp. 27\u201330. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/ajcmi.2018.05","DOI":"10.34172\/ajcmi.2018.05"},{"key":"4542_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ribeiro KVG et al (2018) Bacteriophage Isolated from Sewage Eliminates and Prevents the Establishment of Escherichia Coli Biofilm, Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 8(1), pp. 85\u201395. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/apb.2018.011","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2018.011"},{"key":"4542_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryan EM et al (2012) Synergistic phage-antibiotic combinations for the control of Escherichia coli biofilms in vitro, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 65(2), pp. 395\u2013398. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00977.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00977.x"},{"key":"4542_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahu M et al (2024) Synergistic Effects of Phage and Antibiotic Combinations Against Pathogenic Bacteria, in M. Gangwar and G. Nath (eds.) Emerging Paradigms for Antibiotic-Resistant Infections: Beyond the Pill. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 435\u2013447. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-5272-0_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-5272-0_20"},{"key":"4542_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahu M et al (2025) Synergistic efficacy of phages along with vancomycin for eradication of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, World Journal of Virology, 14(2), p. 10. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5501\/wjv.v14.i2.95826","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v14.i2.95826"},{"key":"4542_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salam MA et al (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health, Healthcare, 11(13), p. 1946. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11131946","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946"},{"key":"4542_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sari R, Apridamayanti P, Puspita ID (2018) Sensitivity of Escherichia coli Bacteria Towards Antibiotics in Patient with Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(1). Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7454\/psr.v5i1.3649","DOI":"10.7454\/psr.v5i1.3649"},{"key":"4542_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shlezinger M et al (2019) Eradication of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci by Combining Phage and Vancomycin, Viruses, 11(10), p. 954. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11100954","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100954"},{"issue":"3","key":"4542_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_91_16","volume":"9","author":"AK Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh AK et al (2017) Standardization and classification of in vitro biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Global Infect Dis 9(3):93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_91_16. Available at:","journal-title":"J Global Infect Dis"},{"key":"4542_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soonthonsrima T et al (2023) Phage-induced bacterial morphological changes reveal a phage-derived antimicrobial affecting cell wall integrity, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 67(11), p. e0076423. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00764-23","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00764-23"},{"key":"4542_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szafra\u0144ski SP, Winkel A, Stiesch M (2017) The use of bacteriophages to biocontrol oral biofilms, Journal of Biotechnology, 250, pp. 29\u201344. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.01.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.01.002"},{"key":"4542_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Touchon M, Rocha EPC (2007) Causes of Insertion Sequences Abundance in Prokaryotic Genomes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(4), pp. 969\u2013981. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msm014","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm014"},{"key":"4542_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR (1991) Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes, Nucleic Acids Research, 19(24), pp. 6823\u20136831. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823"},{"key":"4542_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu D et al (2021) Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates in Neonatal Ward, Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, p. 670470. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.670470","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.670470"},{"key":"4542_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang X et al (2020) Rapid detection of Escherichia coli using bacteriophage-induced lysis and image analysis, PloS One, 15(6), p. e0233853. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233853"}],"container-title":["Archives of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-025-04542-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00203-025-04542-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-025-04542-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:05:17Z","timestamp":1763625917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00203-025-04542-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-025-04542-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-8933","1432-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-8933","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"336"}}