{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T07:58:20Z","timestamp":1777276700852,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-04768-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:42:22Z","timestamp":1773132142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uncovering candidate protein(s) in murine vaginal lavage fluid linked to sperm-agglutinating Escherichia coli-induced infertility menace: a discovery phase analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Ishwerpreet Kaur","family":"Jawanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomson","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunidhi","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhankar","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Prabha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.784279","volume":"11","author":"N-N Bi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bi N-N, Zhao S, Zhang J-F et al (2021) Proteomics investigations of potential protein biomarkers in sera of rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:784279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.784279","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4768_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-023-09424-x","volume":"20","author":"AG Birhanu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Birhanu AG (2023) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an emerging tool in clinical laboratories. Clin Proteom 20:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12014-023-09424-x","journal-title":"Clin Proteom"},{"key":"4768_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.11.005","volume":"196","author":"J Bonnet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonnet J, Garcia C, Leger T et al (2019) Proteome characterization in various biological fluids of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected subjects. J Proteomics 196:150\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.11.005","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"key":"4768_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"4768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2019-8","volume":"17","author":"F Cariati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cariati F, D\u2019Argenio V, Tomaiuolo R (2019) The evolving role of genetic tests in reproductive medicine. J Transl Med 17:267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-019-2019-8","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4768_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560020916","volume":"2","author":"C Colovos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Colovos C, Yeates TO (1993) Verification of protein structures: patterns of nonbonded atomic interactions. Protein Sci 2:1511\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pro.5560020916","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"4768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-021-00380-8","volume":"22","author":"F Eini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eini F, Kutenaei MA, Zareei F et al (2021) Effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality and DNA fragmentation in subfertile men with Leukocytospermia. BMC Mol and Cell Biol 22:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12860-021-00380-8","journal-title":"BMC Mol and Cell Biol"},{"key":"4768_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4157(00)00018-6","volume":"1469","author":"FM Flesch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flesch FM, Gadella BM (2000) Dynamics of the mammalian sperm plasma membrane in the process of fertilization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes 1469:197\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-4157(00)00018-6","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes"},{"key":"4768_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpps.93","volume":"96","author":"AR Goldman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goldman AR, Beer LA, Tang H et al (2019) Proteome analysis using Gel-LC\u2010MS\/MS. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 96:e93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpps.93","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Protein Sci"},{"key":"4768_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)39973-3","volume":"24","author":"ESE Hafez","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hafez ESE, Kanagawa H (1973) Scanning electron microscopy of Human, Monkey, and rabbit spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 24:776\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)39973-3","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"4768_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/548497","volume":"2013","author":"K Kaur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaur K, Prabha V (2013) Sperm impairment by sperm agglutinating factor isolated from Escherichia coli\u202f: receptor specific interactions. Biomed Res Int 2013:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/548497","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"4768_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.03.010","volume":"69","author":"K Kaur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaur K, Prabha V (2014) Spermagglutinating Escherichia coli and its role in infertility: In vivo study. Microb Pathog 69:33\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.03.010","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"4768_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.290","volume":"3","author":"K Kaur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaur K, Kaur S, Prabha V (2015) Exploitation of sperm- Escherichia coli interaction at the receptor\u2010ligand level for the development of anti\u2010receptor antibodies as the vaginal contraceptive. Androl 3:385\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.290","journal-title":"Androl"},{"key":"4768_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100502","volume":"22","author":"SI Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim SI, Hwangbo S, Dan K et al (2023) Proteomic discovery of plasma protein biomarkers and development of models predicting prognosis of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 22:100502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100502","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"4768_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-007-9163-6","volume":"22","author":"J Kirchmair","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirchmair J, Markt P, Distinto S et al (2008) Evaluation of the performance of 3D virtual screening protocols: RMSD comparisons, enrichment assessments, and decoy selection\u2014what can we learn from earlier mistakes? J Comput Aided Mol Des 22:213\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10822-007-9163-6","journal-title":"J Comput Aided Mol Des"},{"key":"4768_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.672592","volume":"9","author":"D Korneev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korneev D, Merriner DJ, Gervinskas G et al (2021) New insights into sperm ultrastructure through enhanced scanning electron microscopy. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:672592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.672592","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4768_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","volume":"227","author":"UK Laemmli","year":"1970","unstructured":"Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/227680a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4768_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00438-5","volume":"10","author":"P \u0141aniewski","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u0141aniewski P, Cui H, Mahnert ND et al (2022) Protein biomarkers in cervicovaginal lavages for detection of endometrial cancer. Biomark Res 10:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-022-00438-5","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"4768_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892009944","volume":"26","author":"RA Laskowski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Laskowski RA, MacArthur MW, Moss DS, Thornton JM (1993) PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures. J Appl Crystallogr 26:283\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S0021889892009944","journal-title":"J Appl Crystallogr"},{"key":"4768_CR20","first-page":"308","volume":"91","author":"TJ Lindsay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindsay TJ, Vitrikas KR (2015) Evaluation and treatment of infertility. Am Fam Physician 91:308\u2013314","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"4768_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1033560","volume":"54","author":"E Martinez-Loredo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez-Loredo E, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Cari\u00f1o-Cortes R et al (2016) Effects of Heliopsis longipes ethanolic extract on mouse spermatozoa in vitro. Pharm Biol 54:266\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13880209.2015.1033560","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"4768_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020419","volume":"12","author":"L M\u00e9ar","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00e9ar L, Com E, Fathallah K et al (2022) The eutopic endometrium proteome in endometriosis reveals candidate markers and molecular mechanisms of physiopathology. Diagnostics 12:419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12020419","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4768_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-339","volume":"7","author":"EC Meng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meng EC, Pettersen EF, Couch GS et al (2006) Tools for integrated sequence-structure analysis with UCSF Chimera. BMC Bioinformatics 7:339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-7-339","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"4768_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16932","volume":"10","author":"SP Mishra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mishra SP, Sahu MC, Panda R, Patnaik T (2017) Surveillance of microbial flora for infertility couples in an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 10:405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16932","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"key":"4768_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12249","volume":"18","author":"I Moreno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno I, Simon C (2019) Deciphering the effect of reproductive tract microbiota on human reproduction. Reprod Med Biol 18:40\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmb2.12249","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol"},{"key":"4768_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0182","volume":"13","author":"KK Osbak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osbak KK, Van Raemdonck GA, Dom M et al (2018) Candidate Treponema Pallidum Biomarkers Uncovered in Urine from Individuals with Syphilis Using Mass Spectrometry. Future Microbiol 13:1497\u20131510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb-2018-0182","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"4768_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100824","volume":"38","author":"F Safarpoor Dehkordi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Tavakoli-Far B, Jafariaskari S et al (2020) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the high vaginal swab samples of fertile and infertile women: virulence factors, O-serogroups, and phenotyping and genotyping characterization of antibiotic resistance. New Microbes New Infect 38:100824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100824","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"4768_CR28","first-page":"134","volume":"6","author":"F Sander","year":"1941","unstructured":"Sander F, Cramer S (1941) A practical method for testing the spermicidal action of chemical contraceptives. Hum Fertil 6:134\u2013137","journal-title":"Hum Fertil"},{"key":"4768_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0072","volume":"34","author":"BM Tanga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanga BM, Qamar AY, Raza S et al (2021) Semen evaluation: methodological advancements in sperm quality-specific fertility assessment \u2014 a review. Anim Biosci 34:1253\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ab.21.0072","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"4768_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ht9020012","volume":"9","author":"R Tomaiuolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomaiuolo R, Veneruso I, Cariati F, D\u2019Argenio V (2020) Microbiota and human reproduction: the case of female infertility. High-Throughput 9:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ht9020012","journal-title":"High-Throughput"},{"key":"4768_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106488","volume":"9","author":"GAA Van Raemdonck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Raemdonck GAA, Tjalma WAA, Coen EP et al (2014) Identification of protein biomarkers for cervical cancer using human cervicovaginal fluid. PLoS One 9:e106488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0106488","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4768_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870030","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201870030","volume":"12","author":"A Venkatesh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkatesh A, Lahiri A, Reddy PJ et al (2018) Front cover: identification of highly expressed Plasmodium Vivax proteins from clinical isolates using proteomics. Proteom Clin Apps 12:1870030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prca.201870030","journal-title":"Proteom Clin Apps"},{"key":"4768_CR33","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"MH Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walker MH, Tobler KJ (2023) Female Infertility. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL"},{"key":"4768_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-00962-7","volume":"14","author":"Y Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Y, Tan P, Zhuang Z et al (2021) DIA proteomics analysis through serum profiles reveals the significant proteins as candidate biomarkers in women with PCOS. BMC Med Genomics 14:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12920-021-00962-7","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"4768_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1298","volume":"7","author":"S Yuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yuan S, Chan HCS, Hu Z (2017) Using PyMOL as a platform for computational drug design. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 7:e1298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcms.1298","journal-title":"WIREs Comput Mol Sci"},{"key":"4768_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.620529","volume":"10","author":"F Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang F, Dai J, Chen T (2021) Role of Lactobacillus in female infertility via modulating sperm agglutination and immobilization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:620529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.620529","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4768_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00728-0","volume":"17","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zheng W, Li Y et al (2022) I-TASSER-MTD: a deep-learning-based platform for multi-domain protein structure and function prediction. Nat Protoc 17:2326\u20132353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-022-00728-0","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"}],"container-title":["Archives of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04768-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04768-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04768-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T07:16:17Z","timestamp":1777274177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04768-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04768-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-8933","1432-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-8933","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"241"}}