{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:01:24Z","timestamp":1788886884816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-04943-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:48:49Z","timestamp":1778654929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extraction of astaxanthin from fresh Haematococcus pluvialis biomass: a sustainable approach using vegetable oils"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Zineb","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibtissam","family":"Lijassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Rhazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imane","family":"Wahby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4943_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.07.016","volume":"103","author":"S Ahmadkelayeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmadkelayeh S, Hawboldt K (2020) Extraction of lipids and astaxanthin from crustacean by-products: a review on supercritical CO2 extraction. Trends Food Sci Technol 103:94\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.07.016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060251380473","author":"M Al-Zharani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Zharani M, Mubarak M, Almuqri E et al (2025) Astaxanthin supplementation mitigates oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity and restoring oxidation-antioxidant balance in Wistar rats exposed to cadmium toxicity. Nutr Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060251380473","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"4943_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010128","volume":"12","author":"RR Ambati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG (2014) Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications\u2013a review. Mar Drugs 12:128\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md12010128","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"4943_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.04.008","volume":"25","author":"P-H Baudelet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baudelet P-H, Ricochon G, Linder M, Muniglia L (2017) A new insight into cell walls of Chlorophyta. Algal Res 25:333\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.algal.2017.04.008","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"4943_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/2482218","volume":"76","author":"HC Bold","year":"1949","unstructured":"Bold HC (1949) The morphology of Chlamydomonas chlamydogama, Sp. Nov. Bull Torrey Bot Club 76:101\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2482218","journal-title":"Bull Torrey Bot Club"},{"key":"4943_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boussiba S, Fan L, Vonshak A (1992) [36] Enhancement and determination of astaxanthin accumulation in green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. In: Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, pp 386\u2013391","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(92)13140-S"},{"key":"4943_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","volume":"28","author":"W Brand-Williams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol 28:25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","journal-title":"LWT - Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120108","volume":"240","author":"X Cen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cen X, Li J, Jiang G, Zheng M (2023) A critical review of chemical uses in urban sewer systems. Water Res 240:120108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120108","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"4943_CR10","volume-title":"Carotenoids. Chemistry and biochemistry of plant pigments.","author":"BH Davies","year":"1976","unstructured":"Davies BH (1976) Carotenoids. Chemistry and biochemistry of plant pigments., vol II. Ac. Press, London"},{"key":"4943_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/694305","volume":"2014","author":"S Dong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dong S, Huang Y, Zhang R et al (2014) Four different methods comparison for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Sci World J 2014:694305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/694305","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"4943_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.12.002","volume":"69","author":"A Fasim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fasim A, More VS, More SS (2021) Large-scale production of enzymes for biotechnology uses. Curr Opin Biotechnol 69:68\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.12.002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"4943_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9771","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2216782","volume":"64","author":"I Fatima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fatima I, Munir Mubashrah, Qureshi Rahmatullah et al (2024) Advanced methods of algal pigments extraction: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 64:9771\u20139788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2023.2216782","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"4943_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144472","volume":"27","author":"M Gallardo-Villagr\u00e1n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallardo-Villagr\u00e1n M, Paulus L, Leger DY et al (2022) Dimethyl sulfoxide: a bio-friendly or bio-hazard chemical? The effect of DMSO in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Molecules 27:4472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27144472","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4943_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020769","volume":"28","author":"W Golimowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Golimowski W, Teleszko M, Zaj\u0105c A et al (2023) Effect of the bleaching process on changes in the fatty acid profile of raw hemp seed oil (Cannabis sativa). Molecules 28:769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28020769","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4943_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-93322004000300019","volume":"40","author":"D Gomes Moriel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gomes Moriel D, Machado I, Fontana JD, Bonfim T (2004) Optimization of biomass and astaxanthin production by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Braz J Pharm Sci 40:421\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1516-93322004000300019","journal-title":"Braz J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2020.1728696","author":"TA Gomes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gomes TA, Zanette CM, Spier MR (2020) An overview of cell disruption methods for intracellular biomolecules recovery. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826068.2020.1728696","journal-title":"Prep Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"4943_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grewe CB, Griehl C (2012) 8 The carotenoid astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. In: Microalgal Biotechnology: Integration and Economy. De Gruyter, pp 129\u2013144","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110298321.129"},{"key":"4943_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09670260010001735651","volume":"35","author":"C Hagen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hagen C, Gr\u00fcnewald K, Schmidt S, M\u00fcller J (2000) Accumulation of secondary carotenoids in flagellates of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyta) is accompanied by an increase in per unit chlorophyll productivity of photosynthesis. Eur J Phycol 35:75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09670260010001735651","journal-title":"Eur J Phycol"},{"key":"4943_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2016.03.002","volume":"99","author":"F Haque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haque F, Dutta A, Thimmanagari M, Chiang YW (2016) Intensified green production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Food Bioprod Process 99:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbp.2016.03.002","journal-title":"Food Bioprod Process"},{"key":"4943_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.2932","volume":"61","author":"G Harvey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harvey G, Gachagan A, Mutasa T (2014) Review of high-power ultrasound-industrial applications and measurement methods. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 61:481\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.2932","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"4943_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690590957188","volume":"46","author":"I Higuera-Ciapara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Higuera-Ciapara I, F\u00e9lix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea FM (2006) Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46:185\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408690590957188","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"4943_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129371","volume":"352","author":"M Honda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Honda M, Kageyama H, Hibino T et al (2021) Evaluation and improvement of storage stability of astaxanthin isomers in oils and fats. Food Chem 352:129371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129371","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"4943_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19311","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c08173","volume":"8","author":"M Honda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Honda M, Nishida Y (2023) In Vitro evaluation of skin-related physicochemical properties and biological activities of astaxanthin isomers. ACS Omega 8:19311\u201319319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c08173","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"4943_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13898","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b02089","volume":"7","author":"M Irshad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irshad M, Myint AA, Hong ME et al (2019) One-pot, simultaneous cell wall disruption and complete extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis at room temperature. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:13898\u201313910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b02089","journal-title":"ACS Sustain Chem Eng"},{"key":"4943_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1021\/bp0700354","volume":"23","author":"CD Kang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kang CD, Sim SJ (2007) Selective extraction of free astaxanthin from Haematococcus culture using a tandem organic solvent system. Biotechnol Prog 23:866\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bp0700354","journal-title":"Biotechnol Prog"},{"key":"4943_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang CD, Sim SJ (2008) Direct extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus culture using vegetable oils. Biotechnol Lett 30:441\u2013444 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-007-9578-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-007-9578-0"},{"key":"4943_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51064","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34584-0","volume":"31","author":"S Kato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kato S, Kansha Y (2024) Comprehensive review of industrial wastewater treatment techniques. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31:51064\u201351097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34584-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"4943_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233771","volume":"13","author":"A Khalfi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalfi A, Garrig\u00f3s MC, Ramos M, Jim\u00e9nez A (2024) Optimization of the microwave-assisted extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from date seeds. Foods 13:3771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13233771","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"4943_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126124","volume":"343","author":"B Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim B, Lee SY, Narasimhan AL et al (2022a) Cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis: recent advances. Bioresour Technol 343:126124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126124","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim B, Youn Lee S, Lakshmi Narasimhan A, et al (2022b) Cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent advances. Bioresour Technol 343:126124 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126124"},{"key":"4943_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112179","volume":"145","author":"Z Kohandel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kohandel Z, Farkhondeh T, Aschner M et al (2022) Anti-inflammatory action of astaxanthin and its use in the treatment of various diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 145:112179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112179","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"4943_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.10.049","volume":"99","author":"S Krichnavaruk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krichnavaruk S, Shotipruk A, Goto M, Pavasant P (2008) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with vegetable oils as co-solvent. Bioresour Technol 99:5556\u20135560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.10.049","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm94010008","volume":"94","author":"A Lahmar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lahmar A, Abdelaziz B, Gouader N et al (2026) Astaxanthin as a natural photoprotective agent: in vitro and in silico approach to explore a multi-targeted compound. Sci Pharm 94:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/scipharm94010008","journal-title":"Sci Pharm"},{"key":"4943_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.038","volume":"244","author":"SY Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SY, Cho JM, Chang YK, Oh Y-K (2017) Cell disruption and lipid extraction for microalgal biorefineries: a review. Bioresour Technol 244:1317\u20131328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.038","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1994.00445.x","volume":"30","author":"Y Lee","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lee Y, Ding S (1994) Cell cycle and accumulation of astaxanthin in Haematococcus lacustris (Chlorophyta) 1. J Phycol 30:445\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1994.00445.x","journal-title":"J Phycol"},{"key":"4943_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461770","volume":"1635","author":"T Lefebvre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lefebvre T, Destandau E, Lesellier E (2021) Selective extraction of bioactive compounds from plants using recent extraction techniques: a review. J Chromatogr A 1635:461770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461770","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"4943_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaaen-Jensen S, Lutn\u0153es BF (2008) E\/Z Isomers and Isomerization. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H (eds) Carotenoids: Volume 4: Natural Functions. Birkh\u00e4user, Basel, pp 15\u201336","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-7499-0_3"},{"key":"4943_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8101762","volume":"2019","author":"F Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li F, Cai M, Lin M et al (2019) Accumulation of astaxanthin was improved by the nonmotile cells of Haematococcus pluvialis. BioMed Res Int 2019:8101762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/8101762","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"4943_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101947","volume":"24","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Li W, Yue Z et al (2024) Evaluation of astaxanthin stability under varying temperatures and ultraviolet irradiation durations based on Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem X 24:101947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101947","journal-title":"Food Chem X"},{"key":"4943_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.106054","volume":"87","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Liu X, Cui Y, Yuan W (2022) Ultrasound for microalgal cell disruption and product extraction: a review. Ultrason Sonochem 87:106054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.106054","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochem"},{"key":"4943_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-012-1217-5","volume":"30","author":"Y Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li Y, Miao F, Geng Y et al (2012) Accurate quantification of astaxanthin from Haematococcus crude extract spectrophotometrically. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 30:627\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00343-012-1217-5","journal-title":"Chin J Oceanol Limnol"},{"key":"4943_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130415","volume":"359","author":"Z Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Z, Chen Y, Wu L et al (2025) Four-liquid-phase system for simultaneous extraction and separation method of various active components in Antarctic krill crude oil extract. Sep Purif Technol 359:130415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130415","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez S, Bermudez B, Montserrat-de la Paz S (2021) Chap.\u00a053 - Oleic acid\u2014the main component of olive oil on postprandial metabolic processes. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR (eds) Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention (Second Edition). Academic Press, San Diego, pp 639\u2013649","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819528-4.00034-1"},{"key":"4943_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3812(01)00754-3","volume":"198","author":"J Lu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lu J, Boughner EC, Liotta CL, Eckert CA (2002) Nearcritical and supercritical ethanol as a benign solvent: polarity and hydrogen-bonding. Fluid Phase Equilib 198:37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-3812(01)00754-3","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib"},{"key":"4943_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-025-02219-0","author":"Z Mansouri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mansouri Z, Essahli Z, Lijassi I et al (2025a) Management of growth and astaxanthin accumulation in the green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis: effect of photosynthesis-related nutrients and light stress. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02219-0","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"4943_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-025-02129-1","volume":"118","author":"Z Mansouri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mansouri Z, Lijassi I, Amorim A et al (2025b) Haematococcus pluvialis culture contaminated with chytrids: growth management and astaxanthin production. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 118:114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02129-1","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"4943_CR47","unstructured":"McKim AS, Strub R (2008) Dimethyl Sulfoxide USP, PhEur in Approved Pharmaceutical Products and Medical Devices. 32"},{"key":"4943_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.07.010","volume":"283","author":"A Molino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molino A, Rimauro J, Casella P et al (2018) Extraction of astaxanthin from microalga Haematococcus pluvialis in red phase by using generally recognized as safe solvents and accelerated extraction. J Biotechnol 283:51\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.07.010","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"4943_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2023.100559","volume":"4","author":"GS Netravati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Netravati GS, Pathrose B et al (2024) Comparison of extraction methods on anthocyanin pigment attributes from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit rind as potential food colourant. Food Chem Adv 4:100559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.focha.2023.100559","journal-title":"Food Chem Adv"},{"key":"4943_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.01.013","volume":"87","author":"C Niamnuy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niamnuy C, Devahastin S, Soponronnarit S, Vijaya Raghavan GS (2008) Kinetics of astaxanthin degradation and color changes of dried shrimp during storage. J Food Eng 87:591\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.01.013","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"4943_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2010.01.019","volume":"373","author":"DM Niedzwiedzki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niedzwiedzki DM, Enriquez MM, LaFountain AM, Frank HA (2010) Ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy of geometric isomers of xanthophylls. Chem Phys 373:80\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemphys.2010.01.019","journal-title":"Chem Phys"},{"key":"4943_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2018.1466159","volume":"48","author":"I Niizawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niizawa I, Espinaco BY, Leonardi JR et al (2018) Enhancement of astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis under autotrophic growth conditions by a sequential stress strategy. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 48:528\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826068.2018.1466159","journal-title":"Prep Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"4943_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md21100514","volume":"21","author":"Y Nishida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B et al (2023) Astaxanthin: past, present, and future. Mar Drugs 21:514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md21100514","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"4943_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107650","volume":"45","author":"C Nitsos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nitsos C, Filali R, Taidi B, Lemaire J (2020) Current and novel approaches to downstream processing of microalgae: a review. Biotechnol Adv 45:107650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107650","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"4943_CR77","unstructured":"Nurafifah I, Hardianto MA, Erfianti T et al (2023) The effect of acidic pH on chlorophyll, carotenoids, and carotenoid derivatives of Euglena sp. as antioxidants. 16"},{"key":"4943_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su162410859","volume":"16","author":"I Panagiotakopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panagiotakopoulos I, Nasopoulou C (2024) Extraction methods, encapsulation techniques, and health benefits of astaxanthin. Sustainability 16:10859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su162410859","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"4943_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122249","volume":"228","author":"S Piovesana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piovesana S, Aita SE, Cannazza G et al (2021) In-depth cannabis fatty acid profiling by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 228:122249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122249","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"4943_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132156","volume":"379","author":"W Pitacco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pitacco W, Samor\u00ec C, Pezzolesi L et al (2022) Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents based on oleic acid. Food Chem 379:132156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132156","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"4943_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020513","volume":"10","author":"R Praveenkumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Praveenkumar R, Lee J, Vijayan D et al (2020) Morphological change and cell disruption of Haematococcus pluvialis cyst during high-pressure homogenization for Astaxanthin recovery. Appl Sci Basel 10:513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10020513","journal-title":"Appl Sci Basel"},{"key":"4943_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC01413H","volume":"17","author":"R Praveenkumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Praveenkumar R, Lee K, Lee J, Oh Y-K (2015) Breaking dormancy: an energy-efficient means of recovering Astaxanthin from microalgae. Green Chem 17:1226\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C4GC01413H","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"4943_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2006.02.003","volume":"39","author":"J P\u00e9rez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2006","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Jim\u00e9nez J, Saura-Calixto F (2006) Effect of solvent and certain food constituents on different antioxidant capacity assays. Food Res Int 39:791\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2006.02.003","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"4943_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2010.10.001","volume":"107","author":"J Pu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pu J, Bechtel PJ, Sathivel S (2010) Extraction of shrimp Astaxanthin with flaxseed oil: effects on lipid oxidation and Astaxanthin degradation rates. Biosyst Eng 107:364\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2010.10.001","journal-title":"Biosyst Eng"},{"key":"4943_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092786","volume":"27","author":"M Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman M, Hosano N, Hosano H (2022) Recovering microalgal bioresources: a review of cell disruption methods and extraction technologies. Molecules 27:2786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27092786","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4943_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2766","volume":"87","author":"AR Rao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rao AR, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA (2007) Stabilization of Astaxanthin in edible oils and its use as an antioxidant. J Sci Food Agric 87:957\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.2766","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"4943_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07083.x","volume":"70","author":"HS Ribeiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ribeiro HS, Rico LG, Badolato GG, Schubert H (2005) Production of O\/W emulsions containing Astaxanthin by repeated premix membrane emulsification. J Food Sci 70:E117\u2013E123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07083.x","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182699","volume":"14","author":"E Rosso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosso E, Armone R, Costale A et al (2024) Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties: lipids profile and antioxidant capacity for monogastric nutrition. Animals 14:2699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14182699","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4943_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2010.493546","volume":"46","author":"D Ruen-ngam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruen-ngam D, Shotipruk A, Pavasant P (2010) Comparison of extraction methods for recovery of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Sep Sci Technol 46:64\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01496395.2010.493546","journal-title":"Sep Sci Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saikia DK, Ahmed R, Chikkaputtaiah C, Velmurugan N (2023) Commercialization of Haematococcus-Based Products: Current Status and Future Forecast. In: Raja R, Hemaiswarya S, Narayanan M (eds) Haematococcus: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Biomedical Applications. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 321\u2013337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-2901-6_18"},{"key":"4943_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini KC, Yadav DS, Mehariya S et al (2021) Overview of extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction technology vis-a-vis quality demands. In: Ravishankar GA, Ranga Rao A (eds) Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin. Academic Press, pp 341\u2013354","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823304-7.00032-5"},{"key":"4943_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1039\/C9GC01273G","volume":"21","author":"C Samor\u00ec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samor\u00ec C, Pezzolesi L, Galletti P et al (2019) Extraction and milking of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis cultures. Green Chem 21:3621\u20133628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9GC01273G","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"4943_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7585","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060737t","volume":"54","author":"R Sarada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sarada R, Vidhyavathi R, Usha D, Ravishankar GA (2006) An efficient method for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. J Agric Food Chem 54:7585\u20137588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf060737t","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"4943_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00882-9","volume":"12","author":"J Seeger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seeger J, Z\u00e4h M, Wendisch VF et al (2025) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Bioresour Bioprocess 12:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40643-025-00882-9","journal-title":"Bioresour Bioprocess"},{"key":"4943_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00531","volume":"7","author":"MMR Shah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah MMR, Liang Y, Cheng JJ, Daroch M (2016) Astaxanthin-producing green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From single cell to high value commercial products. Front Plant Sci 7:00531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00531","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105666","volume":"76","author":"P Sharayei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharayei P, Azarpazhooh E, Zomorodi S et al (2021) Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from green tiger (Penaeus semisulcatus) shrimp shell. Ultrason Sonochem 76:105666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105666","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochem"},{"key":"4943_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115322","volume":"26","author":"P S\u0142omczy\u0144ska","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u0142omczy\u0144ska P, Siudem P, Bia\u0142ek A et al (2025) The application of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography (GC) and ultraviolet\u2013visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy techniques to the analysis of the fatty acid profile as quality of Argan oil. Int J Mol Sci 26:5322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115322","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/foods1010052","volume":"1","author":"IF Strati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Strati IF, Sinanoglou VJ, Kora L et al (2012) Carotenoids from foods of plant, animal and marine origin: an efficient HPLC-DAD separation method. Foods 1:52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods1010052","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"4943_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-021-02495-z","volume":"33","author":"H Vechio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vechio H, Mariano AB, Vieira RB (2021) A new approach on astaxanthin extraction via acid hydrolysis of wet Haematococcus pluvialis biomass. J Appl Phycol 33:2957\u20132966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10811-021-02495-z","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"4943_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md19100531","volume":"19","author":"J \u00c1vila-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Rom\u00e1n J, Garc\u00eda-Gil S, Rodr\u00edguez-Luna A et al (2021) Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of microalgal carotenoids. Mar Drugs 19:531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md19100531","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"4943_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020847","volume":"28","author":"O Virchenko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Virchenko O, Stef\u00e1nsson T (2023) Light increases astaxanthin absorbance in acetone solution through isomerization reactions. Molecules 28:847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28020847","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4943_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-023-05381-6","volume":"851","author":"K V\u00e1vrov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"V\u00e1vrov\u00e1 K, Nemcova Y, Pichrtov\u00e1 M (2024) Desiccation and temperature tolerance of green and red Haematococcus lacustris (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyta) akinetes. Hydrobiologia 851:1169\u20131181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10750-023-05381-6","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"4943_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047707","volume":"16","author":"D Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang D, Li Y, Hu X et al (2015) Combined enzymatic and mechanical cell disruption and lipid extraction of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Int J Mol Sci 16:7707\u20137722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms16047707","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4943_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200400092","volume":"5","author":"S-B Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang S-B, Chen F, Sommerfeld M, Hu Q (2005) Isolation and proteomic alalysis of cell wall-deficient mutants. Proteomics 5:4839\u20134851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmic.200400092","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"4943_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-010-1414-4","volume":"232","author":"W Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu W, Lu M, Yu L (2011) A new environmentally friendly method for astaxanthin extraction from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Eur Food Res Technol 232:463\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00217-010-1414-4","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.13386\/j.issn1002-0306.2019.22.016","volume":"40","author":"Z Ye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ye Z, Liu Z-w, T a. N X-h (2019) Optimization of multi-enzymatic extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by response surface methodology. Sci Technol Food Ind 40:87\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13386\/j.issn1002-0306.2019.22.016","journal-title":"Sci Technol Food Ind"},{"key":"4943_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14582","volume":"55","author":"Z Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye Z, Tan X-H, Liu Z-W et al (2020) Mechanisms of breakdown of Haematococcus pluvialis cell wall by ionic liquids, hydrochloric acid and multi-enzyme treatment. Int J Food Sci Technol 55:3182\u20133189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijfs.14582","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(13)60510-8","volume":"21","author":"C Yin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yin C, Yang S, Liu X, Yan H (2013) Efficient extraction of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with polar and non-polar solvents after acid washing. Chin J Chem Eng 21:776\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1004-9541(13)60510-8","journal-title":"Chin J Chem Eng"},{"key":"4943_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980465x","volume":"47","author":"JP Yuan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yuan JP, Chen F (1999) Hydrolysis kinetics of astaxanthin esters and stability of astaxanthin of Haematococcus pluvialis during saponification. J Agric Food Chem 47:31\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf980465x","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"4943_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129802","volume":"389","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Hu T, Yao S et al (2023) Enhancement of astaxanthin production, recovery, and bio-accessibility in Haematococcus pluvialis through taurine-mediated inhibition of secondary cell wall formation under high light conditions. Bioresour Technol 389:129802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129802","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang C, Liu J, Yang N (2020) A strategy for stimulating astaxanthin and lipid production in Haematococcus pluvialis by exogenous glycerol application under low light. Algal Res 46:101779 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101779"},{"key":"4943_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-018-2038-5","volume":"42","author":"R Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang R, Parniakov O, Grimi N et al (2019) Emerging techniques for cell disruption and extraction of valuable bio-molecules of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 42:173\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00449-018-2038-5","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst Eng"},{"key":"4943_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12102059","volume":"12","author":"F Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao F, Wang Z, Huang H (2024) Physical cell disruption technologies for intracellular compound extraction from microorganisms. Processes 12:2059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr12102059","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"4943_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.014","volume":"91","author":"T Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao T, Yan X, Sun L et al (2019a) Research progress on extraction, biological activities and delivery systems of natural astaxanthin. Trends Food Sci Technol 91:354\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.014","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"4943_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00608-6","volume":"28","author":"X Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu H et al (2019b) Enzyme-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and its stability and antioxidant activity. Food Sci Biotechnol 28:1637\u20131647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10068-019-00608-6","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"4943_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3390\/md11051644","volume":"11","author":"T-B Zou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zou T-B, Jia Q, Li H-W et al (2013) Response surface methodology for ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Mar Drugs 11:1644\u20131655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md11051644","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"}],"container-title":["Archives of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04943-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04943-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04943-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T08:05:23Z","timestamp":1785571523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04943-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04943-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-8933","1432-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-8933","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"As no human or mammalian subjects were involved in this research, no ethical approval was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Ethical approval<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Consent to participate<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"391"}}