{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:18:26Z","timestamp":1787912306756,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00344023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00344023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-04998-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:16:09Z","timestamp":1781590569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shiga toxin-centered pathophysiology defines the therapeutic limits of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Ui-Seok","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Ung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-07128-y","volume":"41","author":"LF Alconcher","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alconcher LF, Balestracci A, Lucarelli LI, Bronfen S, Meni Battaglia L (2026) Improving hemolytic uremic syndrome diagnosis in children: the role of serology for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli detection. Pediatr Nephrol 41(6):1743\u20131751","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000526935","volume":"147","author":"A Alletto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alletto A, Attaianese F, Montemaggi A, Becherucci F, Romagnani P, Trapani S (2023) Haemolytic uremic syndrome: a study cohort over 10-year period in a paediatric tertiary centre hospital. Nephron 147(6):337\u2013350","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007494","volume":"15","author":"S Balasubramanian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balasubramanian S, Osburne MS, BrinJones H, Tai AK, Leong JM (2019) Prophage induction, but not production of phage particles, is required for lethal disease in a microbiome-replete murine model of enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection. PLoS Pathog 15(1):e1007494","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-07000-z","volume":"41","author":"A Balestracci","year":"2026","unstructured":"Balestracci A, Alconcher LF (2026) Blood in urine: an early and constant finding for STEC-HUS diagnosis. Pediatr Nephrol 41(4):1223\u20131224","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55332-2","volume":"9","author":"M Berger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berger M, Aijaz I, Berger P, Dobrindt U, Koudelka G (2019) Transcriptional and translational inhibitors block SOS response and Shiga Toxin expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 9(1):18777","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06315-11","volume":"56","author":"M Bielaszewska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bielaszewska M, Idelevich EA, Zhang W, Bauwens A, Schaumburg F, Mellmann A et al (2012) Effects of antibiotics on Shiga toxin 2 production and bacteriophage induction by epidemic Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(6):3277\u20133282","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl 112","key":"4998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.624","volume":"75","author":"M Bitzan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bitzan M (2009) Treatment options for HUS secondary to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Kidney Int 75(Suppl 112):S62\u2013S66","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"4998_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109029","volume":"339","author":"MQ Carter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carter MQ, Pham A, Du WX, He X (2021) Differential induction of Shiga toxin in environmental Escherichia coli O145:H28 strains carrying the same genotype as the outbreak strains. Int J Food Microbiol 339:109029","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4998_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5101845","volume":"5","author":"LW Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng LW, Henderson TD, Patfield S, Stanker LH, He X (2013) Mouse in vivo neutralization of Escherichia coli Shiga toxin 2 with monoclonal antibodies. Toxins (Basel) 5(10):1845\u20131858","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01932","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01932-17","volume":"9","author":"CY Chiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chiang CY, Uzoma I, Moore RT, Gilbert M, Duplantier AJ, Panchal RG (2018) Mitigating the impact of antibacterial drug resistance through host-directed therapies: current progress, outlook, and challenges. mBio 9(1):e01932\u2013e01917","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"4998_CR34","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Information for Clinicians (E. coli Infection) 2024 [updated 14 May 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ecoli\/hcp\/guidance\/index.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"4998_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.05.010","volume":"27","author":"TK Davis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davis TK, McKee R, Schnadower D, Tarr PI (2013) Treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 27(3):577\u2013597","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"13","key":"4998_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136884","volume":"23","author":"J Detzner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Detzner J, Pohlentz G, Muthing J (2022) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a fresh view on Shiga toxin-binding glycosphingolipids of primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their toxin susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 23(13):6884","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"4998_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134365","volume":"277","author":"M Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan M, Ren K, Chen X, Chang Y, Lv Z, Wang Z et al (2024) Discovery and design of an aptamer that inhibits Shiga toxin type 2 activity by blocking Stx2 B subunit-Gb3 interaction. Int J Biol Macromol 277(Pt 3):134365","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4998_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-025-00993-4","volume":"27","author":"M Eltorki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eltorki M, Thull-Freedman J, Freedman SB (2025) Just the facts: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in children. CJEM 27(11):888\u2013891","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3104.240060","volume":"31","author":"D Espadinha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Espadinha D, Brady M, Brehony C, Hamilton D, O\u2019Connor L, Cunney R et al (2025) Case-control study of factors associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome among shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli patients, Ireland, 2017\u20132020. Emerg Infect Dis 31(4):728\u2013740","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-024-06583-3","volume":"40","author":"A Fayad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fayad A, Principi I, Balestracci A, Alconcher L, Coccia P, Adragna M et al (2025) Open-label, controlled, phase 2 clinical trial assessing the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of INM004 in pediatric patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 40(6):1983\u20131995","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-024-06583-3","volume":"40","author":"A Fayad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fayad A, Principi I, Balestracci A, Alconcher L, Coccia P, Adragna M et al (2025) Open-label, controlled, phase 2 clinical trial assessing the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of INM004 in pediatric patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli\u2013associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 40(6):1983\u20131995","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4998_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102157","volume":"9","author":"WJC van der Feitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feitz WJC, Bouwmeester R, van der Velden T, Goorden S, Licht C, van den Heuvel L et al (2021) The Shiga Toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide as therapeutic target in Shiga Toxin E. coli mediated HUS. Microorganisms 9(10):2157","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"4998_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0474-4","volume":"16","author":"A Forrester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forrester A, Rathjen SJ, Daniela Garcia-Castillo M, Bachert C, Couhert A, Tepshi L et al (2020) Functional dissection of the retrograde Shiga toxin trafficking inhibitor Retro-2. Nat Chem Biol 16(3):327\u2013336","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"issue":"19","key":"4998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106483","volume":"365","author":"C Frank","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frank C, Werber D, Cramer JP, Askar M, Faber M, an der Heiden M et al (2011) Epidemic profile of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany. N Engl J Med 365(19):1771\u20131780","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4998_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw099","volume":"62","author":"SB Freedman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freedman SB, Xie J, Neufeld MS, Hamilton WL, Hartling L, Tarr PI et al (2016) Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection, antibiotics, and risk of developing hemolytic uremic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 62(10):1251\u20131258","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4998_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00396","volume":"9","author":"N Garimano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garimano N, Amaral MM, Ibarra C (2019) Endocytosis, cytotoxicity, and translocation of Shiga toxin-2 are stimulated by infection of human intestinal (HCT-8) monolayers with an hypervirulent E. coli O157:H7 lacking stx2 gene. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:396","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200220143001","volume":"19","author":"J Goldstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldstein J, Nunez-Goluboay K, Pinto A (2021) Therapeutic strategies to protect the central nervous system against Shiga toxin from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Curr Neuropharmacol 19(1):24\u201344","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.4.653","volume":"5","author":"PN Goldwater","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goldwater PN (2007) Treatment and prevention of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 5(4):653\u2013663","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"4998_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-12","volume":"10","author":"PN Goldwater","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldwater PN, Bettelheim KA (2012) Treatment of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). BMC Med 10:12","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4998_CR7","first-page":"415","volume":"56","author":"B Gulhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gulhan B, Ozaltin F (2021) Hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Turk Arch Pediatr 56(5):415\u2013422","journal-title":"Turk Arch Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"4998_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090291","volume":"9","author":"G Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall G, Kurosawa S, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ (2017) Shiga toxin therapeutics: beyond neutralization. Toxins (Basel) 9(9):291","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-020-00208-7","volume":"8","author":"VJ Harkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harkins VJ, McAllister DA, Reynolds BC (2020) Shiga-Toxin E. coli hemolytic uremic syndrome: review of management and long-term outcome. Curr Pediatr Rep 8(1):16\u201325","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"4998_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3020","volume":"8","author":"C Hirata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirata C, Kenzaka T, Akita H (2020) Late onset of hemolytic uremic syndrome after the appearance of prodromal gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Clin Case Rep 8(10):1910\u20131913","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"4998_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01930","volume":"7","author":"A Huerta-Uribe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huerta-Uribe A, Marjenberg ZR, Yamaguchi N, Fitzgerald S, Connolly JP, Carpena N et al (2016) Identification and characterization of novel compounds blocking Shiga toxin expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 7:1930","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4998_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2279","volume":"8","author":"L Johannes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johannes L, Romer W (2010) Shiga toxins\u2013from cell biology to biomedical applications. Nat Rev Microbiol 8(2):105\u2013116","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4998_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.05.018","volume":"79","author":"L Kakoullis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kakoullis L, Papachristodoulou E, Chra P, Panos G (2019) Shiga toxin-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome and the role of antibiotics: a global overview. J Infect 79(2):75\u201394","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"4998_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020044","volume":"9","author":"S Kavaliauskiene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kavaliauskiene S, Dyve Lingelem AB, Skotland T, Sandvig K (2017) Protection against Shiga Toxins. Toxins 9(2):44","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"5","key":"4998_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000503","volume":"6","author":"PT Kimmitt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kimmitt PT, Harwood CR, Barer MR (2000) Toxin gene expression by shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: the role of antibiotics and the bacterial SOS response. Emerg Infect Dis 6(5):458\u2013465","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0059823","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00598-23","volume":"68","author":"ME Kirkland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kirkland ME, Patfield S, Hughes AC, Hernlem B, He X (2024) A novel Shiga toxin 2a neutralizing antibody therapeutic with low immunogenicity and high efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 68(1):e0059823","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6770","key":"4998_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/35001095","volume":"403","author":"PI Kitov","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitov PI, Sadowska JM, Mulvey G, Armstrong GD, Ling H, Pannu NS et al (2000) Shiga-like toxins are neutralized by tailored multivalent carbohydrate ligands. Nature 403(6770):669\u2013672","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"4998_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins3091065","volume":"3","author":"PI Kitov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kitov PI, Paszkiewicz E, Sadowska JM, Deng Z, Ahmed M, Narain R et al (2011) Impact of the nature and size of the polymeric backbone on the ability of heterobifunctional ligands to mediate shiga toxin and serum amyloid p component ternary complex formation. Toxins (Basel) 3(9):1065\u20131088","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040212","volume":"11","author":"M-S Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee M-S, Tesh VL (2019) Roles of Shiga toxins in immunopathology. Toxins 11(4):212","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061515","volume":"2","author":"MS Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee MS, Cherla RP, Tesh VL (2010) Shiga toxins: intracellular trafficking to the ER leading to activation of host cell stress responses. Toxins (Basel) 2(6):1515\u20131535","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4998_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030077","volume":"8","author":"MS Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee MS, Koo S, Jeong DG, Tesh VL (2016) Shiga toxins as multi-functional proteins: induction of host cellular stress responses, role in pathogenesis and therapeutic applications. Toxins (Basel) 8(3):77","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13060416","volume":"13","author":"KS Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee KS, Jeong YJ, Lee MS (2021) Escherichia coli Shiga toxins and gut microbiota interactions. Toxins (Basel) 13(6):416","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"4998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-023-00066-0","volume":"61","author":"KS Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee KS, Park JY, Jeong YJ, Lee MS (2023) The fatal role of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga toxin-associated extracellular vesicles in host cells. J Microbiol 61(8):715\u2013727","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4998_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050342","volume":"12","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Selyunin A, Mukhopadhyay S (2020) Targeting the early endosome-to-golgi transport of Shiga toxins as a therapeutic strategy. Toxins (Basel) 12(5):342","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"4998_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00123","volume":"10","author":"C Lingwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lingwood C (2020) Verotoxin receptor-based pathology and therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:123","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010010","volume":"15","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Thaker H, Wang C, Xu Z, Dong M (2022) Diagnosis and treatment for Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli associated hemolytic uremic syndrome.Toxins. (Basel) 15(1):10","journal-title":"(Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1704","volume":"11","author":"SE Majowicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Majowicz SE, Scallan E, Jones-Bitton A, Sargeant JM, Stapleton J, Angulo FJ et al (2014) Global incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections and deaths: a systematic review and knowledge synthesis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11(6):447\u2013455","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4998_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.7.2257-2260.1999","volume":"181","author":"A Matsushiro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matsushiro A, Sato K, Miyamoto H, Yamamura T, Honda T (1999) Induction of prophages of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 with norfloxacin. J Bacteriol 181(7):2257\u20132260","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14080801","volume":"14","author":"V Melinte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melinte V, Radu AM, Vacaroiu CM, Cismaru MI, Oprescu Macovei AM, Mihaila DE et al (2024) A successful approach to diagnosing shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli-induced colitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 14(8):801","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0013-2013","volume":"2","author":"AR Melton-Celsa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melton-Celsa AR, O\u2019Brien AD (2014) New therapeutic developments against shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2(5):EHEC-0013-2013","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.00118","volume":"32","author":"OP Mishra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mishra OP, Gupta AK, Pooniya V, Prasad R, Tiwary NK, Schaefer F (2012) Peritoneal dialysis in children with acute kidney injury: a developing country experience. Perit Dial Int 32(4):431\u2013436","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"17","key":"4998_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.049","volume":"27","author":"A Miyagawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miyagawa A, Watanabe M, Igai K, Kasuya MC, Natori Y, Nishikawa K et al (2006) Development of dialyzer with immobilized glycoconjugate polymers for removal of Shiga-toxin. Biomaterials 27(17):3304\u20133311","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"4998_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00169","volume":"10","author":"S Muhlen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhlen S, Dersch P (2020) Treatment strategies for infections with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:169","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1086\/373996","volume":"187","author":"GL Mulvey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mulvey GL, Marcato P, Kitov PI, Sadowska J, Bundle DR, Armstrong GD (2003) Assessment in mice of the therapeutic potential of tailored, multivalent Shiga toxin carbohydrate ligands. J Infect Dis 187(4):640\u2013649","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01018-13","volume":"196","author":"AM Nanda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nanda AM, Heyer A, Kramer C, Grunberger A, Kohlheyer D, Frunzke J (2014) Analysis of SOS-induced spontaneous prophage induction in Corynebacterium glutamicum at the single-cell level. J Bacteriol 196(1):180\u2013188","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03944.x","volume":"51","author":"P Neri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neri P, Nagano SI, Yokoyama S, Dohi H, Kobayashi K, Miura T et al (2007) Neutralizing activity of polyvalent Gb3, Gb2 and galacto-trehalose models against Shiga toxins. Microbiol Immunol 51(6):581\u2013592","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"13","key":"4998_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132046","volume":"16","author":"D O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan D, Arora T, Durif C, Uriot O, Brun M, Riu M et al (2024) Impact of western diet on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli colonization in the human in vitro mucosal artificial colon as mediated by gut microbiota. Nutrients 16(13):2046","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"4998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2122769","volume":"2","author":"TG Obrig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Obrig TG (2010) Escherichia coli Shiga toxin mechanisms of action in renal disease. Toxins (Basel) 2(12):2769\u20132794","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"4998_CR27","first-page":"105","volume":"357","author":"TG Obrig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Obrig TG, Karpman D (2012) Shiga toxin pathogenesis: kidney complications and renal failure. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 357:105\u2013136","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00081","volume":"2","author":"AR Pacheco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pacheco AR, Sperandio V (2012) Shiga toxin in enterohemorrhagic E. coli: regulation and novel anti-virulence strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:81","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2013.04.001","volume":"97","author":"AV Page","year":"2013","unstructured":"Page AV, Liles WC (2013) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Med Clin North Am 97(4):681\u2013695 xi","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1013224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013224","volume":"21","author":"Q Perraud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Perraud Q, Sperandio V, Enterohemorrhagic E (2025) coli (EHEC) and the microbiome. PLoS Pathog 21(6):e1013224","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"4998_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0015-2013","volume":"2","author":"R Pifer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pifer R, Sperandio V (2014) The Interplay between the microbiota and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2(5):EHEC-0015-2013","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa017","volume":"44","author":"DP Pires","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pires DP, Costa AR, Pinto G, Meneses L, Azeredo J (2020) Current challenges and future opportunities of phage therapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 44(6):684\u2013700","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4998_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104636","volume":"152","author":"SN Ramstad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramstad SN, Taxt AM, Naseer U, Wasteson Y, Bjornholt JV, Brandal LT (2021) Effects of antimicrobials on Shiga toxin production in high-virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 152:104636","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2013.0094","volume":"6","author":"EE Rigobelo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rigobelo EE, Karapetkov N, Maesta SA, Avila FA, McIntosh D (2015) Use of probiotics to reduce faecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep. Benef Microbes 6(1):53\u201360","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"issue":"9","key":"4998_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4090729","volume":"4","author":"LB Rocha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rocha LB, Luz DE, Moraes CTP, Caravelli A, Fernandes I, Guth BEC et al (2012) Interaction between Shiga toxin and monoclonal antibodies: binding characteristics and in vitro neutralizing abilities. Toxins 4(9):729\u2013747","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040404","volume":"10","author":"L Rodriguez-Rubio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Rubio L, Haarmann N, Schwidder M, Muniesa M, Schmidt H (2021) Bacteriophages of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and their contribution to pathogenicity. Pathogens 10(4):404","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"12","key":"4998_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01453-1","volume":"9","author":"C Ronda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ronda C, Perdue T, Schwanz L, Rivera Gelsinger D, Brockmann L, Kaufman A et al (2025) Precise virulence inactivation using a CRISPR-associated transposase for combating Enterobacteriaceae gut pathogens. Nat Biomed Eng 9(12):2017\u20132027","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"4998_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00150-7","volume":"39","author":"K Sandvig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sandvig K (2001) Shiga toxins. Toxicon 39(11):1629\u20131635","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"7","key":"4998_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.11.021","volume":"56","author":"K Sandvig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sandvig K, Bergan J, Dyve AB, Skotland T, Torgersen ML (2010) Endocytosis and retrograde transport of Shiga toxin. Toxicon 56(7):1181\u20131185","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"8","key":"4998_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01249-9","volume":"152","author":"H Schmidt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmidt H (2001) Shiga-toxin-converting bacteriophages. Res Microbiol 152(8):687\u2013695","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4998_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06160-2","volume":"184","author":"R Spagnol","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spagnol R, Alfisi A, Moi M, Bonvecchio I, Bertazza Partigiani N, Vidal E (2025) Eculizumab in severe pediatric STEC-HUS and its impact on neurological prognosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 184(6):331","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000798","volume":"38","author":"PI Tarr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarr PI, Freedman SB (2022) Why antibiotics should not be used to treat Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 38(1):30\u201338","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1086\/383473","volume":"38","author":"CM Thorpe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thorpe CM (2004) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. Clin Infect Dis 38(9):1298\u20131303","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4998_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010010","volume":"11","author":"JD Van Belleghem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Belleghem JD, Dabrowska K, Vaneechoutte M, Barr JJ, Bollyky PL (2018) Interactions between bacteriophage, bacteria, and the mammalian immune system. Viruses 11(1):10","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"4998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.3985-3993.2002","volume":"70","author":"PL Wagner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wagner PL, Waldor MK (2002) Bacteriophage control of bacterial virulence. Infect Immun 70(8):3985\u20133993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"4998_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.06.001","volume":"8","author":"MK Waldor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Waldor MK, Friedman DI (2005) Phage regulatory circuits and virulence gene expression. Curr Opin Microbiol 8(4):459\u2013465","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4998_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4025-0","volume":"34","author":"PR Walsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walsh PR, Johnson S (2019) Eculizumab in the treatment of Shiga toxin haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 34(9):1485\u20131492","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"26","key":"4998_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006293422601","volume":"342","author":"CS Wong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Watkins SL, Tarr PI (2000) The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med 342(26):1930\u20131936","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4998_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019) Attributing illness caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to specific foods. World Health Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"4998_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-009-9391-y","volume":"97","author":"K Yoshimura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoshimura K, Matsui T, Itoh K (2010) Prevention of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in gnotobiotic mice associated with Bifidobacterium strains. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 97(2):107\u2013117","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"issue":"2","key":"4998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1086\/315239","volume":"181","author":"X Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang X, McDaniel AD, Wolf LE, Keusch GT, Waldor MK, Acheson DW (2000) Quinolone antibiotics induce Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages, toxin production, and death in mice. J Infect Dis 181(2):664\u2013670","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Archives of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04998-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04998-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04998-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:03:34Z","timestamp":1787911414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04998-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-026-04998-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-8933","1432-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-8933","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"440"}}