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This preliminary study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of four flavonoids\u2014apigenin, xanthohumol, quercetin, and luteolin\u2014against\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                    (sv. Guaricura),\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (sv. Copenhageni and Hardjoprajitno), and\n                    <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (sv. Hardjobovis). Using microdilution methods, quercetin and apigenin exhibited superior antimicrobial activity, reaching MICs of\u2009\u2264\u20090.12\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for\n                    <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                    sv. Guaricura. In antibiofilm assays, quercetin was the most effective compound, successfully disrupting biofilm at minimal biofilm disruptive concentrations (MBDC) as low as\u2009&lt;\u20090.0012\u00a0\u00b5g\/\u00b5L for\n                    <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                    sv. Guaricura and for\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    sv. Copenhageni and Hardjoprajitno. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic candidates, requiring further evaluation, for managing both acute and persistent forms of leptospirosis, either alone or as adjuvants to current antibiotic therapies. Further in vivo studies are warranted to confirm their therapeutic safety and clinical efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-05067-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:05:38Z","timestamp":1784801138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of selected flavonoids against pathogenic Leptospira species"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Lilenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Del-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas F. 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