{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:50:33Z","timestamp":1791283833074,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-05072-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:41:37Z","timestamp":1784623297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A recombinant Loa22-based latex agglutination test and indirect ELISA for the sero-detection of leptospirosis in dogs and cattle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Himani","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. V. Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satparkash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_198_18","volume":"7","author":"SK Agrawal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agrawal SK, Chaudhry R, Gupta N, Arif N, Bhadur T (2018) Decreasing trend of seroprevalence of leptospirosis at All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi: 2014\u20132018. J Fam Med Prim Care 7(6):1425\u20131428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_198_18","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46326-2","volume":"13","author":"BS Antima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antima BS (2023) Modeling the dynamics of leptospirosis in India. Sci Rep 13(1):19791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-46326-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13461","volume":"72","author":"V Balamurugan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balamurugan V, Thirumalesh SRA, Alamuri A, SowjanyaKumari S, Vinod Kumar K, Linshamol L, Bharath V, Nagalingam M, Roy P (2021) Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of recombinant leptospiral OMP A-like protein (Loa22) and transmembrane (OmpL37) protein in latex agglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in animals. Lett Appl Microbiol 72(6):730\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.13461","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061455","volume":"12","author":"SK Behera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Behera SK, Sabarinath T, Ganesh B, Mishra PKK, Niloofa R, Senthilkumar K, Verma MR, Hota A, Chandrasekar S, Deneke Y, Kumar A, Nagarajan M, Das D, Khatua S, Sahu R, Ali SA (2022) Diagnosis of human leptospirosis: comparison of microscopic agglutination test with recombinant LigA\/B antigen-based in-house IgM dot ELISA dipstick test and latex agglutination test using Bayesian latent class model and MAT as gold standard. Diagnostics 12(6):1455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12061455","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-019-1765-x","volume":"9","author":"R Birdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birdi R, Kumar BVS, Gupta K, Kashyap N, Kumar A (2019) Circulating level of heat shock protein 27 is elevated in dogs with mammary tumors. 3 Biotech 9(6):229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-019-1765-x","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020325","volume":"13","author":"L Biscornet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biscornet L, R\u00e9villion C, J\u00e9go S, Lagadec E, Gomard Y, Le Minter G, Rocamora G, Guernier-Cambert V, M\u00e9lade J, Dellagi K, Tortosa P, Herbreteau V (2021) Predicting the presence of leptospires in rodents from environmental indicators opens up opportunities for environmental monitoring of human leptospirosis. Remote Sens 13(2):325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13020325","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"5072_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367812775","volume-title":"Immunochemistry of solid-phase immunoassay","author":"JE Butler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Butler JE (2024) Immunochemistry of solid-phase immunoassay. CRC Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.17.4.44","volume":"17","author":"S Choudhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhary S, Choudhary RK, Kumar M, Singh S, Malik YS (2023) Epidemiological status of leptospirosis in India. J Pure Appl Microbiol 17(4):1968\u20131977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/JPAM.17.4.44","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2014.01.001","volume":"28","author":"Y Deneke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deneke Y, Sabarinath T, Gogia N, Lalsiamthara J, Viswas KN, Chaudhuri P (2014) Evaluation of recombinant LigB antigen-based indirect ELISA and latex agglutination test for the serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis in India. Mol Cell Probes 28(4):141\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcp.2014.01.001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009876","volume":"16","author":"A Dreyfus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dreyfus A, Ruf MT, Goris M, Poppert S, Mayer-Scholl A, Loosli N, Bier NS, Paris DH, Tshokey T, Stenos J, Rajaonarimirana E, Concha G, Orozco J, Colorado J, Aristiz\u00e1bal A, Dib JC, Kann S (2022) Comparison of the Serion IgM ELISA and microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of Leptospira spp. infections in sera from different geographical origins and estimation of Leptospira seroprevalence in the Wiwa indigenous population from Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(6):e0009876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009876","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5072_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis WA (2014) Animal leptospirosis. In: Adler B (ed) Leptospira and Leptospirosis, pp 99\u2013137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_6"},{"key":"5072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.799012","volume":"12","author":"LG Fernandes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernandes LG, Putz EJ, Stasko J, Lippolis JD, Nascimento ALTO, Nally JE (2022) Evaluation of LipL32 and LigA\/LigB knockdown mutants in Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni: impacts to proteome and virulence. Front Microbiol 12:799012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.799012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-025-04667-8","volume":"208","author":"H Gautam","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gautam H, Kumar BVS, Singh S, Manu M (2026) Evaluation of a recombinant Loa22-gold nanoparticle based lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in canine and bovine. Arch Microbiol 208(2):117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-025-04667-8","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5072_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2024.2017700.4099","volume":"15","author":"M Gharakhani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gharakhani M, Ghasemi MF, Khaki P, Esmaelizad M, Tebianian M (2024) Immunological characterization of recombinant outer membrane Loa22 protein of local pathogenic Leptospira serovars. Vet Res Forum 15(10):565\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30466\/vrf.2024.2017700.4099","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR15","first-page":"351","volume":"94","author":"C Goarant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goarant C, Dellagi K, Picardeau M (2021) Ending the neglect of treatable bacterial zoonoses responsible for non-malaria fevers. Yale J Biol Med 94(2):351\u2013360","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"5072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","author":"MG Goris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goris MG, Hartskeerl RA (2014) Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr Protoc Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"5072_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00241-1","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"DA Haake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haake DA, Levett PN (2015) Leptospira species (leptospirosis). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds) Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases. WB Saunders, pp 2714\u20132720"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12030300","volume":"12","author":"SH Hsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu SH, Yang CW (2022) Insight into the structure, functions, and dynamics of the Leptospira outer membrane proteins with pathogenicity. Membranes 12(3):300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes12030300","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"issue":"7","key":"5072_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009565","volume":"15","author":"D Jayasundara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayasundara D, Gamage C, Senavirathna L, Warnasekara J, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM, Agampodi S (2021) Optimizing the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in a low resource, hyper-endemic setting with varied microgeographic variation in reactivity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(7):e0009565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009565","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR20","first-page":"2560","volume":"20","author":"SR Jobin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jobin SR, Prakash JW (2020) Outbreak of leptospirosis in Kerala, India after floods: a survey. Plant Arch 20(1):2560\u20132562","journal-title":"Plant Arch"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-11-1408","volume":"76","author":"T Kawada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kawada T (2012) Sample size in receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Circ J 76(3):768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.cj-11-1408","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"11","key":"5072_CR22","first-page":"1089","volume":"79","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sinha DK, Chaudhury P, Shankar H, Srivastava SK (2009) Comparative studies on seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis by micro agglutination test (MAT) and recombinant LipL32 ELISA. Indian J Anim Sci 79(11):1089\u20131094","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"5072_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovae100","volume":"77","author":"KV Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar KV, Bokade PP, Pal A, Deenadayalan O, SowjanyaKumari S, Bharath V, Shome BR, Balamurugan V (2024) Detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies using recombinant ErpY-like lipoprotein based latex agglutination test for serodiagnosis of animal leptospirosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 77(11):ovae100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovae100","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"5072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2307\/2529786","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics 33:363\u2013374","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"5072_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/850810","volume":"2014","author":"M Mahat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahat M, Abdullah WZ, Hussin CM (2014) Conventional rapid latex agglutination in estimation of von Willebrand factor: method revisited and potential clinical applications. J Immunol Res 2014:850810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/850810","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 22(3):276\u2013282","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2020.9.6.1099-1109","volume":"9","author":"R Nagraik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagraik R, Kaushal A, Gupta S, Sharma S, Kumar D (2020) Leptospirosis: a systematic review. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 9(6):1099\u20131109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15414\/jmbfs.2020.9.6.1099-1109","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2016.1211145","volume":"38","author":"M Pandey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandey M, Kumar BVS, Singh S, Verma R (2017) Development of recombinant matrix metalloproteinase-3 based sandwich ELISA for sero-diagnosis of canine mammary carcinomas. J Immunoassay Immunochem 38(1):34\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15321819.2016.1211145","journal-title":"J Immunoassay Immunochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"5072_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","volume":"15","author":"M Picardeau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Picardeau M (2017) Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? Nat Rev Microbiol 15(5):297\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000039","volume":"45","author":"CA Ramos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramos CA, Ara\u00fajo FR, Santos RC, Melo ES, Sousa LC, Vidal CE, Guerra NR, Ramos RA (2014) Development and assessment of a latex agglutination test based on recombinant MSP5 to detect antibodies against Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Braz J Microbiol 45(1):199\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000039","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.008","volume":"49","author":"KL Reagan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reagan KL, Sykes JE (2019) Diagnosis of canine leptospirosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 49(4):719\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"5072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030097","volume":"3","author":"P Ristow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ristow P, Bourhy P, da Cruz McBride FW, Figueira CP, Huerre M, Ave P, Girons IS, Ko AI, Picardeau M (2007) The OmpA-like protein Loa22 is essential for leptospiral virulence. PLoS Pathog 3(7):e97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030097","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"5072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9110283","volume":"9","author":"VC Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez VC, Castro AM, Soto-Florez R, Urango-Gallego L, Calder\u00f3n-Rangel A, Agudelo-Fl\u00f3rez P, Monroy FP (2024) Evaluation of serological tests for different disease stages of leptospirosis infection in humans. Trop Med Infect Dis 9(11):283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed9110283","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276108052013022","volume":"108","author":"FH Shimabukuro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shimabukuro FH, Costa VM, Silva RC, Langoni H, da Silva AV, de Carvalho LR, Domingues PF (2013) Prozone effects in microscopic agglutination tests for leptospirosis in the sera of mice infected with the pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 108(5):668\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0074-0276108052013022","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"12","key":"5072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120427","volume":"7","author":"S Sripattanakul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sripattanakul S, Boonchuay K, Prapong T, Wajjwalku W, Katzenmeier G, Haltrich D, Hongprayoon R, Prapong S (2022) Leptospiral leucine-rich repeat protein-based lateral flow for assessment of canine leptospiral immunoglobulin. Trop Med Infect Dis 7(12):427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7120427","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5072_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004122","volume":"9","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torgerson PR, Hagan JE, Costa F, Calcagno J, Kane M, Martinez-Silveira MS, Goris MG, Stein C, Ko AI, Abela-Ridder B (2015) Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in terms of disability adjusted life years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(10):e0004122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004122","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5072_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.230101","volume":"13","author":"VP Varma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varma VP, Bankala R, Kumar A, Gawai S, Faisal SM (2023) Differential modulation of innate immune response by lipopolysaccharide of Leptospira. Open Biol 13(11):230101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.230101","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5072_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111367","volume":"9","author":"C Ye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ye C, Yan W, Xiang H, He H, Yang M, Ijaz M, Useh N, Hsieh CL, McDonough PL, McDonough SP, Mohamed H, Yang Z, Chang YF (2014) Recombinant antigens rLipL21, rLoa22, rLipL32 and rLigACon4-8 for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in dogs. PLoS ONE 9(12):e111367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111367","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Archives of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-05072-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00203-026-05072-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00203-026-05072-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:53:33Z","timestamp":1791280413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00203-026-05072-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-026-05072-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-8933","1432-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-8933","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"An approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India, was obtained vide\u00a0memo no. GADVASU\/IAEC\/2023\/176\u2013186 dated 14.09.2023 for animal experimentation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"497"}}