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Immature DCs were obtained from human CD14\u207a monocytes and challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS and\/or probiotic lactobacilli at a DC ratio of 1:10. Relative transcription of inflammatory mediators and pattern-recognition receptors was assessed by RT-qPCR. Cytokine production and surface marker expression were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. DC function was further assessed after interaction with CD4\u207a T lymphocytes, followed by analysis of T cell phenotype by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. LPS upregulated the transcription of intracellular receptors AIM2, NOD1, and NOD2 and increased COX-2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, CXCL-8, IL-12, and IL-18 mRNA levels compared with immature DCs (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Exposure to probiotics downregulated most genes encoding receptors and inflammatory mediators compared with LPS-stimulated DCs. In LPS-stimulated DCs, LA-5 reduced intra- and extracellular receptor gene expression, increased COX-2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, CXCL-8, and IL-10 transcription, and decreased IL-12 mRNA levels. LR-32 upregulated TLR2, COX-2, IL-6, CXCL-8, and IL-10, while reducing IL-12 expression, although these effects were less pronounced than those induced by LA-5. LA-5-exposed DCs induced a higher frequency of CD25highFOXP3highCD127low CD4\u207a T cells than LR-32. These findings indicate that LA-5 and LR-32 modulate human DC responses in a strain-dependent manner. Rather than acting as broadly anti-inflammatory stimuli, these probiotics reshaped LPS-induced activation by modulating pattern-recognition receptor pathways, cytokine responses, and a Treg-associated CD4\u207a T cell phenotype, suggesting a potential role in controlled mucosal immune regulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-026-05135-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:27:43Z","timestamp":1786343263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in human dendritic cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Glauber Campos","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Sayuri","family":"Ando-Suguimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Hitomi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Pinto Alves","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5135_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/JRE.12608","volume":"54","author":"E Albuquerque-Souza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albuquerque-Souza E, Balzarini D, Ando-Suguimoto ES et al (2019) Probiotics alter the immune response of gingival epithelial cells challenged by Porphyromonas gingivalis. 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