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Within a cereal-based diet, co-exposure to these toxins is likely, hence raising the question of combinatory toxicological effects. While the toxicological evaluation of DON has quite progressed, consequences of chronic, low-dose CER exposure are still insufficiently explored. Information about the combinatory toxicological effects of these toxins is lacking. In the present study, we investigated how CER (0.1\u2013100\u00a0ng\/mL) and DON (0.01\u201310\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) alone and in a constant ratio of 1:100 (CER:DON) affect the cytotoxicity and immune response of differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. While DON alone reduced cell viability only in the highest concentration (10\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), CER caused severe cytotoxicity upon prolonged incubation (starting from 10\u00a0ng\/mL after 24\u00a0h and 48\u00a0h, 2.5\u00a0ng\/mL and higher after 72\u00a0h). After 72\u00a0h, synergistic effects were observed at 2.5\u00a0ng\/mL CER and 0.25\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL DON. Different endpoints of inflammation were investigated in interleukin-1\u03b2-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Notably, DON-induced interleukin-8 transcription and secretion were diminished by the presence of 10 and 25\u00a0ng\/mL CER after short-term (5\u00a0h) incubation, indicating immunosuppressive properties. We hypothesise that habitual consumption of cereal-based foods co-contaminated with CER and DON may cause synergistic cytotoxic effects and an altered immune response in the human intestine. Therefore, further research concerning effects of co-occurring bacterial toxins and mycotoxins on the impairment of intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal inflammation and the promotion of malnutrition is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02658-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T06:05:40Z","timestamp":1581919540000},"page":"833-844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Combinatory effects of cereulide and deoxynivalenol on in vitro cell viability and inflammation of human Caco-2 cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6514-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Beisl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudrun","family":"Pahlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Abeln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Ehling-Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Del Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6046-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Warth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sulyok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3796-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilfred","family":"Abia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chibundu N.","family":"Ezekiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6568-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Marko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt A","key":"2658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.06.011","volume":"107","author":"WA Abia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abia WA, Warth B, Ezekiel CN et al (2017) Uncommon toxic microbial metabolite patterns in traditionally home-processed maize dish (fufu) consumed in rural Cameroon. 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