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Here, we evaluated the <jats:italic>T. bahiensis<\/jats:italic> venom activity on autonomic (sympathetic) neurotransmission by using a variety of approaches, including vas deferens twitch-tension recordings, electrophysiological measurements (resting membrane potentials, spontaneous excitatory junctional potentials and whole-cell patch-clamp), calcium imaging and histomorphological analysis. Low concentrations of venom (\u2264\u20093\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) facilitated the electrically stimulated vas deferens contractions without affecting postsynaptic receptors or damaging the smooth muscle cells. Transient TTX-sensitive sustained contractions and resting membrane depolarization were mediated mainly by massive spontaneous ATP release. High venom concentrations (\u2265\u200910\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) blocked the muscle contractions and induced membrane depolarization. In neuronal cells (ND7-23<jats:italic>wt<\/jats:italic>), the venom increased the peak sodium current, modified the current-voltage relationship by left-shifting the Na<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>-channel activation curve, thereby facilitating the opening of these channels. The venom also caused a time-dependent increase in neuronal calcium influx. These results indicate that the sympathetic hyperstimulation observed in systemic envenomation is presynaptically driven, probably through the interaction of \u03b1- and \u03b2-toxins with neuronal sodium channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02799-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T21:02:33Z","timestamp":1592341353000},"page":"3315-3327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neurotoxicity of Tityus bahiensis (brown scorpion) venom in sympathetic vas deferens preparations and neuronal cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita de C\u00e1ssia","family":"Colla\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thalita","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0626-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valquiria A. 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