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However, high background levels of these compounds have inhibited a clear assessment of exposure during use of ECs. An EC containing an e-liquid replaced with 10% of <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-labeled propylene glycol and glycerol was used in a controlled use clinical study with 20 EC users. In addition, five smokers smoked cigarettes spiked with the described e-liquid. Seven carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, crotonaldehyde, methacrolein, propionaldehyde) were measured in the aerosol and the mainstream smoke. Corresponding biomarkers of exposure were determined in the user\u2019s urine samples. <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-labeled formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein were found in EC aerosol, while all seven labeled carbonyls were detected in smoke. The labeled biomarkers of exposure to formaldehyde (<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-thiazolidine carboxylic acid and <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-(1,3-thiazolidine-4-carbonyl)glycine), acrolein (<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid) and glycidol (<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-dihydroxypropylmercapturic acid) were present in the urine of vapers indicating an EC use-specific exposure to these toxicants. However, other sources than vaping contribute to a much higher extent by several orders of magnitude to the overall exposure of these toxicants. Comparing data for the native (unlabeled) and the labeled (exposure-specific) biomarkers revealed vaping as a minor source of user\u2019s exposure to these toxicants while other carbonyls and epoxides were not detectable in the EC aerosol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03097-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T18:05:59Z","timestamp":1624385159000},"page":"2667-2676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessment of the potential vaping-related exposure to carbonyls and epoxides using stable isotope-labeled precursors in the e-liquid"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Landmesser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamadi","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery S.","family":"Edmiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Niessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4954-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Pluym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3097_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2373-y","volume":"93","author":"K Abraham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abraham K, Hielscher J, Kaufholz T, Mielke H, Lampen A, Monien B (2019) The hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine as biomarker of dietary exposure to glycidyl esters: a controlled exposure study in humans. 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