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This mechanism is now challenging because B lymphocytes also infiltrate injured tissue, and the deficiency in B lymphocytes is associated with limited lung granulomas in silica-treated mice. Here, we investigated how B lymphocytes respond to micro- and nanoparticles by combining in vivo and in vitro mouse models. We first demonstrated that innate-like B-1 lymphocytes (not conventional B-2 lymphocytes or plasma cells) specifically accumulated during granuloma formation in mice instilled with crystalline silica (DQ12, 2.5\u00a0mg\/mouse) and carbon nanotubes (CNT Mitsui, 0.2\u00a0mg\/mouse). In comparison to macrophages, peritoneal B-1 lymphocytes purified from na\u00efve mice were resistant to the pyroptotic activity of reactive particles (up to 1\u00a0mg\/mL) but clustered to establish in vitro cell\/particle aggregates. Mouse B-1 lymphocytes (not B-2 lymphocytes) in coculture with macrophages and CNT (0.1\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) organized three-dimensional spheroid structures in Matrigel and stimulated the release of TIMP-1. Furthermore, purified B-1 lymphocytes are sensitive to nanosilica toxicity through radical generation in culture. Nanosilica-exposed B-1 lymphocytes released proinflammatory cytokines and alarmins. In conclusion, our data indicate that in addition to macrophages, B-1 lymphocytes participate in micrometric particle-induced granuloma formation and display inflammatory functions in response to nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03200-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T19:51:44Z","timestamp":1640116304000},"page":"585-599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mouse innate-like B-1 lymphocytes promote inhaled particle-induced in vitro granuloma formation and inflammation in conjunction with macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Hi\u00e9ronimus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00efssa","family":"Demazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Christiaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Uwambayinema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Geuens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssof","family":"Yacoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Huaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3200_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12312","volume":"82","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Koma MK (2015) Interleukin-33 triggers B1 cell expansion and its release of monocyte\/macrophage chemoattractants and growth factors. 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