{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:45:22Z","timestamp":1780721122774,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019021","name":"Foundation for a Smoke-Free World","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03349-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T03:24:43Z","timestamp":1659324283000},"page":"3113-3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Assessment of the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in users of various tobacco\/nicotine products by suitable urinary biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7456-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Scherer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"R\u00f6gner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Pluym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"3349_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1419","volume":"177","author":"R Auer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Auer R, Concha-Lozano N, Jacot-Sadowski I, Cornuz J, Berthet A (2017) Heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes: smoke by any other name. JAMA Intern Med 177(7):1050\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1419","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3349_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.07.001","volume":"74","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Peng M, Jacob P III (2003) Effects of cigarette smoking and carbon monoxide on chlorzoxazone and caffeine metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 74(5):468\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.07.001","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3349_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.04.013","volume":"330","author":"M Bosilkovska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bosilkovska M, Tran CT, de La Bourdonnaye G, Taranu B, Benzimra M, Haziza C (2020) Exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents decreased in smokers switching to carbon-heated tobacco product. Toxicol Lett 330:30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.04.013","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"3349_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00409408","volume":"67","author":"TJ Buckley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Buckley TJ, Waldman JM, Dhara R, Greenberg A, Ouyang Z, Lioy PJ (1995) An assessment of a urinary biomarker for total human environmental exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. Int Arch Occup Environ Heath 67:257\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00409408","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Heath"},{"issue":"4","key":"3349_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-120015694","volume":"34","author":"A Buckpitt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buckpitt A, Boland B, Isbell M, Morin D, Shultz M, Baldwin R, Chan K, Karlsson A, Lin C, Taff A (2002) Naphthalene-induced respiratory tract toxicity: metabolic mechanisms of toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 34(4):791\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/DMR-120015694","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"3349_CR6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019) Fourth National report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, Updated Tables, January 2019. 2019 (August 8th). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/exposurereport\/index.html\n. Accessed 30 July 2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"3349_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47891","volume":"5","author":"H Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai H, Benowitz NL, Achutan C, Farazi PA, Degarege A, Khan AS (2022) Exposure to toxicants associated with use and transitions between cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and no tobacco. JAMA Netw Open 5(2):e2147891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47891","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3349_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449309117113","volume":"23","author":"M dell'Omo","year":"1993","unstructured":"dell\u2019Omo M, Lauwerys RR (1993) Adducts to macromolecules in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Crit Rev Toxicol 23:111\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10408449309117113","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3349_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12942","volume":"110","author":"KE Farsalinos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farsalinos KE, Voudris V, Poulas K (2015) E-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in \u2018dry puff\u2019 conditions. Addiction 110(8):1352\u20131356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.12942","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"3349_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.08.044","volume":"109","author":"KE Farsalinos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farsalinos KE, Voudris V, Spyrou A, Poulas K (2017) E-cigarettes emit very high formaldehyde levels only in conditions that are aversive to users: a replication study under verified realistic use conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 109(Pt 1):90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2017.08.044","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3349_CR11","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2018) bioanalytical method validation\u2014guidance for industry, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fdaguidance-documents\/bioanalytical-method-validation-guidance-industry. Accessed 30 July 2022"},{"key":"3349_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.017","volume":"119","author":"P Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao P, da Silva E, Hou L, Denslow ND, Xiang P, Ma LQ (2018) Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: metabolomics perspective. Environ Int 119:466\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"3349_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw160","volume":"19","author":"ML Goniewicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goniewicz ML, Gawron M, Smith DM, Peng M, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL (2017) Exposure to nicotine and selected toxicants in cigarette smokers who switched to electronic cigarettes: a longitudinal within-subjects observational study. Nicotine Tob Res 19:160\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntw160","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3349_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937","volume":"1","author":"ML Goniewicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goniewicz ML, Smith DM, Edwards KC, Blount BC, Caldwell KL, Feng J, Wang L, Christensen C, Ambrose B, Borek N, van Bemmel D, Konkel K, Erives G, Stanton CA, Lambert E, Kimmel HL, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS, Niaura RS, Travers M, Lawrence C, Hyland AJ (2018) Comparison of nicotine and toxicant exposure in users of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. JAMA Netw Open 1(8):e185937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"3349_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/33.6.301","volume":"33","author":"HW Hagedorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hagedorn HW, Scherer G, Engl J, Riedel K, Cheung F, Errington G, Shepperd J, McEwan M (2009) Urinary excretion of phenolic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in nonsmokers and in smokers of cigarettes with different ISO tar yields. J Anal Toxicol 33(6):301\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/33.6.301","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"3349_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379100700303","volume":"7","author":"HA Hattemer-Frey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hattemer-Frey HA, Travis CC (1991) Benzo-a-pyrene: environmental partitioning and human exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 7:141\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074823379100700303","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"3349_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.11.003","volume":"81","author":"C Haziza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haziza C, de La Bourdonnaye G, Skiada D, Ancerewicz J, Baker G, Picavet P, L\u00fcdicke F (2016) Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 8: 5-day randomized reduced exposure clinical study in Poland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 81:S139\u2013S150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.11.003","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3349_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2013-0071","volume":"2","author":"K Herrmann","year":"1964","unstructured":"Herrmann K (1964) Phenols in tobacco leaves and tobacco smoke \/ \u00dcber die phenolischen Inhaltsstoffe des Tabaks und des Tabakrauches. Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Tabakforschung 2(5):159\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cttr-2013-0071","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Tabakforschung"},{"key":"3349_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000215","volume":"74","author":"U Heudorf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heudorf U, Angerer J (2001) Urinary monohydroxylated phenanthrenes and hydroxypyrene\u2014the effects of smoking habits and changes induced by smoking on monooxygenase-mediated metabolism. Int Arch Occup Environ Heath 74:177\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004200000215","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Heath"},{"key":"3349_CR20","volume-title":"Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"1973","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1973) Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds, vol 3. IARC Press, Lyon, France"},{"key":"3349_CR21","volume-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2002","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2002) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene, vol 82. IARC Press, Lyon, France"},{"key":"3349_CR22","volume-title":"Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2004","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2004) Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking, vol 83. IARC Press, Lyon, France"},{"key":"3349_CR23","volume-title":"Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures","author":"International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC)","year":"2010","unstructured":"International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) (2010) Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures, vol 92. IARC Press, Lyon, France"},{"key":"3349_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/135475099230705","volume":"4","author":"J Jacob","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jacob J, Grimmer G, Dettbarn G (1999) Profile of urinary phenanthrene metabolites in smokers and non-smokers. Biomarkers 4:319\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/135475099230705","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"3349_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/1382-6689(95)00003-8","volume":"1","author":"J Jacob","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jacob J, Raab G, Soballa V, Schmalix WA, Grimmer G, Greim H, Doehmer J, Seidel A (1996) Cytochrome P450-mediated activation of phenanthrene in genetically engineered V79 Chinese hamster cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1382-6689(95)00003-8","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3349_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(01)00467-4","volume":"778","author":"J Jacob","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jacob J, Seidel A (2002) Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. J Chromatogr B 778(1\u20132):31\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-4347(01)00467-4","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"issue":"2","key":"3349_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060920l","volume":"79","author":"P Jacob III","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacob P III, Wilson M, Benowitz NL (2007) Determination of phenolic metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine as their pentafluorobenzyl ether derivatives using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79(2):587\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac060920l","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"3349_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00803a019","volume":"9","author":"DM Jerina","year":"1970","unstructured":"Jerina DM, Daly JW, Witkop B, Zaltzman-Nirenberg P, Udenfriend S (1970) 1, 2-Naphthalene oxide as an intermediate in the microsomal hydroxylation of naphthalene. Biochemistry 9(1):147\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00803a019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"3349_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2166","volume":"12","author":"FJ Jongeneelen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jongeneelen FJ, Bos RP, Anzion RBM, Theuws JLG, Henderson PT (1986) Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Metabolites in urine. Scand J Work Environ Health 12:137\u2013143","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"3349_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.07.008","volume":"298","author":"K Klotz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klotz K, Zobel M, Sch\u00e4ferhenrich A, Hebisch R, Drexler H, G\u00f6en T (2018) Suitability of several naphthalene metabolites for their application in biomonitoring studies. Toxicol Lett 298:91\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.07.008","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"3349_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.09.019","volume":"162","author":"M Lafontaine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lafontaine M, Champmartin C, Simon P, Delsaut P, Funck-Brentano C (2006) 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in urine of smokers and non-smokers. Toxicol Lett 162:181\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.09.019","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"3349_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/10406630490471447","volume":"24","author":"M Lafontaine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lafontaine M, Gendre C, Delsaut P, Simon P (2004) Urinary 3-hydroxybenzo [a] pyrene as a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: an approach for determining a biological limit value. Polycyclic Aromat Compd 24(4\u20135):441\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10406630490471447","journal-title":"Polycyclic Aromat Compd"},{"issue":"7","key":"3349_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300108e","volume":"25","author":"Z Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li Z, Romanoff L, Bartell S, Pittman EN, Trinidad DA, McClean M, Webster TF, Sj\u00f6din A (2012) Excretion profiles and half-lives of ten urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites after dietary exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 25(7):1452\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx300108e","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3349_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1021\/tx2002614","volume":"24","author":"D Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu D, Harvey RG, Blair IA, Penning TM (2011) Quantitation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolic profiles in human bronchoalveolar (H358) cells by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 24(11):1905\u20131914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx2002614","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3349_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500502","volume":"17","author":"JD Meeker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meeker JD, Barr DB, Serdar B, Rappaport SM, Hauser R (2007) Utility of urinary 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol levels to assess environmental carbaryl and naphthalene exposure in an epidemiology study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17(4):314\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jes.7500502","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"3349_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17091-4","author":"A Mirzababaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirzababaei A, Daneshzad E, Moradi S, Abaj F, Mehranfar S, Asbaghi O, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K (2021) The association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17091-4","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3349_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.5.787","volume":"22","author":"H-M Nan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nan H-M, Kim H, Lim H-S, Choi JK, Kawamoto T, Kang J-W, Lee C-H, Kim Y-D, Kwon EH (2001) Effects of occupation, lifestyle and genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations. Carcinogenesis 22(5):787\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/carcin\/22.5.787","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"3349_CR38","first-page":"189","volume":"34","author":"O Pelkonen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pelkonen O, Nebert DW (1982) Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: etiologic role in carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Rev 34:189\u2013222","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"3349_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00016-2","volume":"443","author":"DH Phillips","year":"1999","unstructured":"Phillips DH (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutat Res 443:139\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00016-2","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3349_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0593-3","volume":"78","author":"R Preuss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Preuss R, Drexler H, B\u00f6ttcher M, Wilhelm M, Br\u00fcning T, Angerer J (2005) Current external and internal exposure to naphthalene of workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different industries. Int Arch Occup Environ Heath 78(5):355\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-004-0593-3","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Heath"},{"issue":"5","key":"3349_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00313","volume":"207","author":"R Preuss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Preuss R, Koch HM, Wilhelm M, Pischetsrieder M, Angerer J (2004) Pilot study on the naphthalene exposure of German adults and children by means of urinary 1- and 2-naphthol levels. Int J Hyg Environ Health 207(5):441\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1438-4639-00313","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3349_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4355-7","volume":"399","author":"B Ramsauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramsauer B, Sterz K, Hagedorn HW, Engl J, Scherer G, McEwan M, Errington G, Shepperd J, Cheung F (2011) A liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method for the determination of phenolic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in urine of non-smokers and smokers. Anal Bioanal Chem 399(2):877\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-010-4355-7","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"3349_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2013-0724","volume":"19","author":"A Rodgman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodgman A (2001) Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: a review. Beitraege Zur Tabakforschung International 19(7):361\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cttr-2013-0724","journal-title":"Beitraege Zur Tabakforschung International"},{"issue":"6","key":"3349_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2013-0873","volume":"23","author":"A Rodgman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodgman A, Cook LC (2009) The composition of cigarette smoke an historical perspective of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Beitraege Zur Tabakforschung International 23(6):384\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cttr-2013-0873","journal-title":"Beitraege Zur Tabakforschung International"},{"issue":"10","key":"3349_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/separations8100171","volume":"8","author":"N R\u00f6gner","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00f6gner N, Hagedorn H-W, Scherer G, Scherer M, Pluym N (2021) A sensitive LC\u2013MS\/MS method for the quantification of 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in urine-exposure assessment in smokers and users of potentially reduced-risk products. Separations 8(10):171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/separations8100171","journal-title":"Separations"},{"key":"3349_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.05.024","author":"B Rossbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossbach B, Wollschl\u00e4ger D, Letzel S, Gottschalk W, Muttray A (2020) Internal exposure of firefighting instructors to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during live fire training. Toxicol Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.05.024","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"3349_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp183","volume":"12","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sarkar M, Liu J, Koval T, Wang J, Feng S, Serafin R, Jin Y, Xie Y, Newland K, Roethig HJ (2010) Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers using Marlboro Snus. Nicotine Tob Res 12(2):105\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntp183","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3349_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.09.001","volume":"47","author":"G Scherer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scherer G, Engl J, Urban M, Gilch G, Janket D, Riedel K (2007) Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 47(2):171\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.09.001","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"3349_CR49","first-page":"373","volume":"9","author":"G Scherer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scherer G, Frank S, Riedel K, Meger-Kossien I, Renner T (2000) Biomonitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of nonoccupationally exposed persons. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9:373\u2013380","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"3349_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2022.100067","volume":"3","author":"G Scherer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scherer G, Mutze J, Pluym N, Scherer M (2022a) Assessment of nicotine delivery and uptake in users of various tobacco\/nicotine products. Curr Res Toxicol 3:100067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crtox.2022.100067","journal-title":"Curr Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3349_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2021-0014","volume":"30","author":"G Scherer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scherer G, Pluym N, Scherer M (2021) Intake and uptake of chemicals upon use of various tobacco\/nicotine products: can users be differentiated by single or combinations of biomarkers? Contrib Tob Nicotine Res 30(4):167\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cttr-2021-0014","journal-title":"Contrib Tob Nicotine Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3349_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00020","volume":"35","author":"G Scherer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scherer G, Scherer M, Mutze J, Hauke T, Pluym N (2022b) Assessment of the exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines and minor tobacco alkaloids in users of various tobacco\/nicotine products. Chem Res Toxicol 35(4):684\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00020","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3349_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.09.008","volume":"183","author":"W Schober","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schober W, Pusch G, Oeder S, Reindl H, Behrendt H, Buters JT (2010) Metabolic activation of phenanthrene by human and mouse cytochromes P450 and pharmacokinetics in CYP1A2 knockout mice. Chem Biol Interact 183(1):57\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.09.008","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"3349_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2021.100794","volume":"22","author":"F Sibul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sibul F, Burkhardt T, Kachhadia A, Pilz F, Scherer G, Scherer M, Pluym N (2021) Identification of biomarkers specific to five different nicotine product user groups: study protocol of a controlled clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 22:100794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2021.100794","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"3349_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.924","volume":"23","author":"R Stabbert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stabbert R, Voncken P, Rustemeier K, Haussmann HJ, Roemer E, Schaffernicht H, Patskan G (2003) Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 23(5):329\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.924","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3349_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0178","volume":"72","author":"A Starski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Starski A, Kukielska A, Postupolski J (2021) Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human diet exposure and risk assessment to consumer health. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 72(3):253\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0178","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"3349_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s5927","volume":"104","author":"P Strickland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strickland P, Kang D, Sithisarankul P (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine as biomarkers of exposure and effect. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 5):927\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.96104s5927","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"3349_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.12.023","volume":"71","author":"EH Theophilus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Theophilus EH, Coggins CRE, Chen P, Schmidt E, Borgerding MF (2015) Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: a one-week clinical confinement study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 71(2):225\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.12.023","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"3349_CR59","volume-title":"How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A report of the surgeon general","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2010","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2010) How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A report of the surgeon general. National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication, Rockville, MD, USA"},{"key":"3349_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386580","volume":"66","author":"JGM Van Rooij","year":"1994","unstructured":"Van Rooij JGM, Veeger MMS, Bodelier-Bade MM, Scheepers PTJ, Jongeneelen FJ (1994) Smoking and dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources of interindividual variability in the baseline excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Heath 66:55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00386580","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Heath"},{"key":"3349_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200221999201125205725","author":"J Vondr\u00e1\u010dek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vondr\u00e1\u010dek J, Machala M (2020) The role of metabolism in toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their non-genotoxic modes of action. Curr Drug Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1389200221999201125205725","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"3349_CR62","first-page":"193","volume":"1","author":"JM Waldman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Waldman JM, Lioy PJ, Greenberg A, Butler JP (1991) Analysis of human exposure to benzo(a)pyrene via inhalation and food ingestion in the total human environmental exposure study (THEES). J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1:193\u2013225","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"3349_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.068","volume":"123","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wong LY, Meng L, Pittman EN, Trinidad DA, Hubbard KL, Etheredge A, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Zamoiski R, van Bemmel DM, Borek N, Patel V, Kimmel HL, Conway KP, Lawrence C, Edwards KC, Hyland A, Goniewicz ML, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS, Calafat AM (2019) Urinary concentrations of monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in adults from the U.S. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013\u20132014). Environ Int 123:201\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.068","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3349_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.09.002","volume":"211","author":"M Wilhelm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilhelm M, Hardt J, Schulz C, Angerer J, Agency HBCotGFE (2008) New reference value and the background exposure for the PAH metabolites 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-and 2-naphthol in urine of the general population in Germany: basis for validation of human biomonitoring data in environmental medicine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211(3\u20134):447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.09.002","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3349_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(96)03515-9","volume":"114","author":"AS Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson AS, Davis CD, Williams DP, Buckpitt AR, Pirmohamed M, Park BK (1996) Characterisation of the toxic metabolite (s) of naphthalene. Toxicology 114(3):233\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0300-483X(96)03515-9","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3349_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900447","volume":"36","author":"M Yang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yang M, Koga M, Katoh T, Kawamoto T (1999) A study for the proper application of urinary naphthols, new biomarkers for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36(1):99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002449900447","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3349_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936060-00004","volume":"36","author":"S Zevin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zevin S, Benowitz NL (1999) Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. Clin Pharmacokinet 36(6):425\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-199936060-00004","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03349-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03349-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03349-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T19:05:45Z","timestamp":1664564745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03349-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03349-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}