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Targeted metabolomics offer the advantage of providing readily interpretable mechanistic information about perturbed biological pathways. In this study, a high-throughput LC\u2013MS\/MS-based broad targeted metabolomics system was applied to study nitrofurantoin metabolic dynamics over time and concentration and to provide a mechanistic-anchored approach for point of departure (PoD) derivation. Upon nitrofurantoin exposure at five concentrations (7.5\u00a0\u00b5M, 15\u00a0\u00b5M, 20\u00a0\u00b5M, 30\u00a0\u00b5M and 120\u00a0\u00b5M) and four time points (3, 6, 24 and 48\u00a0h), the intracellular metabolome of HepG2 cells was evaluated. In total, 256 uniquely identified metabolites were measured, annotated, and allocated in 13 different metabolite classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) and univariate statistical analysis showed clear metabolome-based time and concentration effects. Mechanistic information evidenced the differential activation of cellular pathways indicative of early adaptive and hepatotoxic response. At low concentrations, effects were seen mainly in the energy and lipid metabolism, in the mid concentration range, the activation of the antioxidant cellular response was evidenced by increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and metabolites from the de novo GSH synthesis pathway. At the highest concentrations, the depletion of GSH, together with alternations reflective of mitochondrial impairments, were indicative of a hepatotoxic response. Finally, a metabolomics-based PoD was derived by multivariate PCA using the whole set of measured metabolites. This approach allows using the entire dataset and derive PoD that can be mechanistically anchored to established key events. Our results show the suitability of high throughput targeted metabolomics to investigate mechanisms of hepatoxicity and derive point of departures that can be linked to existing adverse outcome pathways and contribute to the development of new ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03572-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T05:01:29Z","timestamp":1693803689000},"page":"2903-2917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Application of high throughput in vitro metabolomics for hepatotoxicity mode of action characterization and mechanistic-anchored point of departure derivation: a case study with nitrofurantoin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Ramirez-Hincapie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Birk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Ternes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska Maria","family":"Zickgraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7124-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Haake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7733-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1316-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hennicke","family":"Kamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Driemert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3756-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Landsiedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5746-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Richling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Funk-Weyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4264-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bennard","family":"van Ravenzwaay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.03.017","volume":"92","author":"R Abdullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdullah R, Alhusainy W, Woutersen J, Rietjens IM, Punt A (2016) Predicting points of departure for risk assessment based on in vitro cytotoxicity data and physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling: the case of kidney toxicity induced by aristolochic acid I. 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BASF may use some of the presented technologies for product development in the future.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}