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Despite its widespread use, little is yet known on its biotransformation and toxicokinetics in humans. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted with oral administration of PhE (5\u00a0mg\/kg body weight) to five volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for PhE and three of its presumed metabolites up to 48\u00a0h post-exposure. Additionally, one volunteer was dermally exposed to PhE and monitored until 72\u00a0h post-exposure. PhE was rapidly resorbed following both oral and dermal application with <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>-levels in blood of about 1\u00a0h and 3\u00a0h, respectively. Metabolism of PhE was observed to be rather extensive with phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) and 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-PhAA) as the main metabolites found in blood and urine following oral and dermal exposure. PhE was excreted rapidly and efficiently via urine mostly in metabolized form: following oral exposure, on average 77% and 12% of the applied dose was excreted within 48\u00a0h as PhAA and 4-OH-PhAA, respectively. A similar metabolism pattern was observed following the single dermal exposure experiment. The obtained data on biotransformation and toxicokinetics of PhE in humans provide valuable information on this important chemical and will be highly useful for pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of human PhE exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03717-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:02:12Z","timestamp":1714118532000},"page":"1771-1780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biotransformation and toxicokinetics of 2-phenoxyethanol after oral exposure in humans: a volunteer study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Eckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Leibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"G\u00f6en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3717_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-005-0008-0","volume":"78","author":"M Bader","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bader M, Keener SA, Wrbitzky R (2005) Dermal absorption and urinary elimination of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 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The authors Thomas J\u00e4ger, Michael Bader and Edgar Leibold are employees of BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany, a producer of 2-phenoxyethanol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee as well as with the Helsinki declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The study design was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee (Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (Vote No. 296_19 B)).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to inclusion in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}