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The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it a neglected tropical disease and is working on strategies to reduce mortality. Russell\u2019s viper (<jats:italic>Daboia russelii<\/jats:italic>) is one of the most abundant venomous snakes found across Southeast Asia. Proteomic analysis of Russell\u2019s viper venom has demonstrated variation, with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) being the most abundant toxin across geographic boundaries. PLA2, a major constituent of the low-molecular-weight fraction of snake venom, hydrolyses phospholipids at the sn-2 position, releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. They are reported to cause various pharmacological effects, including hemolysis, anticoagulation, neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, and oedema. Though administration of antivenoms (ASV) is the primary treatment for envenomation, it has many drawbacks. Besides causing hypersensitivity reactions and life-threatening anaphylaxis, treatment with ASV is further complicated due to its inability to neutralize low-molecular-weight toxins. Thus, there is a greater need to produce next-generation antivenoms that can target specific toxins in the venom. In this review, we explored the classification of Russell\u2019s viper and the variation in its proteomic profile across Southeast Asia to date. In addition, we have also summarized the mechanism of action of PLA2 and discussed various isoforms of PLA2 found across different regions with their respective pharmacological effects. Finally, the drawbacks of commercially available antivenoms and the molecules investigated for inhibiting the low-molecular-weight toxin, PLA2 are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03849-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T17:02:56Z","timestamp":1724518976000},"page":"3569-3584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Proteomic diversity of Russell's viper venom: exploring PLA2 isoforms, pharmacological effects, and inhibitory approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Kishore","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavan","family":"Nampoothiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Khandibharad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailza","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshatha Ganesh","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6538-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghu Chandrashekar","family":"Hariharapura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3849_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90314-x","volume":"32","author":"MI Alam","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alam MI, Auddy B, Gomes A (1994) Isolation, purification and partial characterization of viper venom inhibiting factor from the root extract of the Indian medicinal plant Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.). 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