{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:20:36Z","timestamp":1773213636356,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["468535752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["468535752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Fatty acid esters of 2\/3-monochloropropanediol (2\/3-MCPD) and glycidol are formed mainly during heat processing (deodorization) of vegetable oils, and are hydrolyzed by lipases in the gastrointestinal tract leading to the absorption of 2\/3-MCPD and glycidol. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified 3-MCPD as possibly and glycidol as probably carcinogenic to humans. The aims of the current work were to clarify the exposure to 2\/3-MCPD and glycidol associated with different dietary habits (omnivore, vegan, raw-food eating), and the exposure development between 2017 and 2021 in German study participants. The questions were addressed using the daily urinary excretion of 2\/3-MCPD and the hemoglobin adduct <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-Val (DHP-Val) formed from glycidol as biomarkers of exposure, which were determined in two dietary studies including 36 omnivores, 36 vegans and 16 strict raw food eaters (abstaining from any heated food for at least four months). The median urinary excretion of 2- and 3-MCPD in non-smoking omnivores and vegans was 0.87 and 1.35\u00a0\u00b5g\/day (2-MCPD), respectively, and 0.79 and 1.03\u00a0\u00b5g\/day (3-MCPD), respectively. The 2\/3-MCPD concentrations in urine samples of raw food eaters were usually below the limit of detection. The median DHP-Val levels in non-smoking vegans and omnivores were 3.9\u00a0pmol\/g Hb each, and 1.9\u00a0pmol\/g Hb in raw food eaters. Between 2017 and 2021, the exposure to 3-MCPD and glycidol did not change, however, the median 2-MCPD excretion decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02, omnivores and vegans combined). The correlation between daily excretions of 2\/3-MCPD determined 4\u00a0years apart was weak, whereas a moderate correlation was observed for DHP-Val (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.66) in this timeframe. In conclusion, the exposure to glycidol in omnivores and vegans was alike, whereas the 2\/3-MCPD exposure was somewhat (albeit not significantly) higher in vegans. While 2\/3-MCPD were hardly detectable in urine samples of raw food eaters, the median DHP-Val level (about 50% of those in omnivores) indicates a glycidol source independent of the dietary exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03880-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T11:01:32Z","timestamp":1727780492000},"page":"271-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Internal exposure to heat-induced food contaminants in omnivores, vegans and strict raw food eaters: biomarkers of exposure to 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (urinary excretion) and glycidol (hemoglobin adduct N-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-Val)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard H.","family":"Monien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-6074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Gauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1756-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Weikert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1895-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3880_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.12.022","volume":"100","author":"J Aasa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aasa J, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Carlsson H, T\u00f6rnqvist M (2017a) The genotoxic potency of glycidol established from micronucleus frequency and hemoglobin adduct levels in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 100:168\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2016.12.022","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.09.019","volume":"109","author":"J Aasa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aasa J, Tornqvist M, Abramsson-Zetterberg L (2017b) Measurement of micronuclei and internal dose in mice demonstrates that 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) has no genotoxic potency in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 109:414\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2017.09.019","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.03.037","volume":"128","author":"J Aasa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aasa J, Granath F, Tornqvist M (2019a) Cancer risk estimation of glycidol based on rodent carcinogenicity studies, a multiplicative risk model and in vivo dosimetry. Food Chem Toxicol 128:54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2019.03.037","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7010007","volume":"7","author":"J Aasa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aasa J, Vryonidis E, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Tornqvist M (2019b) Internal doses of glycidol in children and estimation of associated cancer risk. Toxics 7:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics7010007","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"3880_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0970-8","volume":"87","author":"K Abraham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abraham K, Appel KE, Berger-Preiss E et al (2013) Relative oral bioavailability of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol 87:649\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-012-0970-8","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2373-y","volume":"93","author":"K Abraham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abraham K, Hielscher J, Kaufholz T, Mielke H, Lampen A, Monien B (2019) The hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine as biomarker of dietary exposure to glycidyl esters: a controlled exposure study in humans. Arch Toxicol 93:331\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-018-2373-y","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000735","volume":"65","author":"K Abraham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abraham K, Hielscher J, Kuhlmann J, Monien BH (2021) Urinary excretion of 2\/3-monochloropropanediol (2\/3-MCPD) and 2,3-dihydroxypropylmercapturic Acid (DHPMA) after a single high dose of fatty acid esters of 2\/3-MCPD and glycidol: a controlled exposure study in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 65:e2000735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.202000735","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"3880_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091725","volume":"14","author":"K Abraham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abraham K, Trefflich I, Gauch F, Weikert C (2022) Nutritional intake and biomarker status in strict raw food eaters. Nutrients 14:1725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091725","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3880_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1061-1","volume":"87","author":"KE Appel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Appel KE, Abraham K, Berger-Preiss E et al (2013) Relative oral bioavailability of glycidol from glycidyl fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol 87:1649\u20131659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-013-1061-1","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000550","volume":"55","author":"N Bakhiya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bakhiya N, Abraham K, G\u00fcrtler R, Appel KE, Lampen A (2011) Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:509\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201000550","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"3880_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barocelli E, Corradi A, Mutti A, Petronini PG (2011) Comparison between 3-MCPD and its palmitic esters in a 90-day toxicological study. University of Parma (Italy). http:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/scientific_output\/files\/main_documents\/187e.pdf","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2011.EN-187"},{"key":"3880_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02502-1","volume":"412","author":"MC Bentley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bentley MC, Almstetter M, Arndt D et al (2020) Comprehensive chemical characterization of the aerosol generated by a heated tobacco product by untargeted screening. Anal Bioanal Chem 412:2675\u20132685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-020-02502-1","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3880_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.04.010","volume":"43","author":"EL Carmines","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carmines EL, Gaworski CL (2005) Toxicological evaluation of glycerin as a cigarette ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1521\u20131539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2005.04.010","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.07.003","volume":"46","author":"WS Cho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cho WS, Han BS, Nam KT et al (2008) Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3172\u20133177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2008.07.003","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/46.7.659","volume":"46","author":"J Diekmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diekmann J, Wittig A, Stalbbert R (2008) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of acrylamide and acetamide in cigarette mainstream smoke after on-column injection. J Chromatogr Sci 46:659\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chromsci\/46.7.659","journal-title":"J Chromatogr Sci"},{"key":"3880_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.282","volume":"282","author":"EFSA","year":"2005","unstructured":"EFSA (2005) Opinion of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. EFSA J 282:1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.282","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"3880_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4426","volume":"14","author":"EFSA","year":"2016","unstructured":"EFSA (2016) Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA J 14:4426\u20134584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4426","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"3880_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5083","volume":"16","author":"EFSA","year":"2018","unstructured":"EFSA (2018) Update of the risk assessment on 3-monochloropropane diol and its fatty acid esters. EFSA J 16:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5083","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"3880_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1557","volume":"8","author":"EFSA Working Group on Left Censored Data","year":"2010","unstructured":"EFSA Working Group on Left Censored Data (2010) Management of left-censored data in dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances. EFSA J 8:1557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1557","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"3880_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134332","volume":"403","author":"A Eisenreich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eisenreich A, Monien BH, Gotz ME et al (2023) 3-MCPD as contaminant in processed foods: state of knowledge and remaining challenges. Food Chem 403:134332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134332","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"3880_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.07.014","volume":"45","author":"R El Ramy","year":"2007","unstructured":"El Ramy R, Ould Elhkim M, Lezmi S, Poul JM (2007) Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its metabolites, glycidol and beta-chlorolactic acid, using the single cell gel\/comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 45:41\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2006.07.014","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2019.1645294","volume":"53","author":"R El-Hage","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Hage R, El-Hellani A, Haddad C et al (2019) Toxic emissions resulting from sucralose added to electronic cigarette liquids. Aerosol Sci Technol 53:1197\u20131203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2019.1645294","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"3880_CR23","unstructured":"European Commission (2023) Commission Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006 (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance. European Union. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A02023R0915-20240425"},{"key":"3880_CR24","unstructured":"European Commission (2024) Commission Regulation (EU) 2024\/1003 of 4 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 as regards maximum levels for the sum of 3-monochlorpropanediol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in infant formulae, follow-on formulae and food for special medical purposes intended for infants and young children and young child formulae. European Union. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=OJ:L_202401003"},{"key":"3880_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.048","volume":"109","author":"S Fleury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fleury S, Riviere G, Alles B et al (2017) Exposure to contaminants and nutritional intakes in a French vegetarian population. Food Chem Toxicol 109:218\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.048","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04143-y","volume":"414","author":"F Gauch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gauch F, Abraham K, Monien BH (2022) Simultaneous quantification of eight hemoglobin adducts of genotoxic substances by isotope-dilution UHPLC-MS\/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 414:5805\u20135815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-022-04143-y","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3880_CR27","unstructured":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment B (2009) Initial evaluation of the assessment of levels of glycidol fatty acid esters detected in refined vegetable fats BfR-Opinion. vol 07\/2009. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin. https:\/\/mobil.bfr.bund.de\/cm\/349\/initial_evaluation_of_the_assessment_of_levels_of_glycidol_fatty_acid_esters.pdf"},{"key":"3880_CR28","unstructured":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment B (2020) Possible health risks due to high concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl fatty acid esters in certain foods BfR-Opinion. vol 20\/2020. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin. https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/cm\/349\/possible-health-risks-due-to-high-concentrations-of-3-MCPD-and-glycidyl-fatty-acid-esters-in-certain-foods.pdf"},{"key":"3880_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-1990-1","volume":"91","author":"K Goempel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goempel K, Tedsen L, Ruenz M et al (2017) Biomarker monitoring of controlled dietary acrylamide exposure indicates consistent human endogenous background. Arch Toxicol 91:3551\u20133560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-017-1990-1","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02412-x","volume":"93","author":"K Goerke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goerke K, Ruenz M, Lampen A et al (2019) Biomonitoring of nutritional acrylamide intake by consumers without dietary preferences as compared to vegans. Arch Toxicol 93:987\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-019-02412-x","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.05.022","volume":"1059","author":"J Hielscher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hielscher J, Monien BH, Abraham K, Jessel S, Seidel A, Lampen A (2017) An isotope-dilution UPLC-MS\/MS technique for the human biomonitoring of the internal exposure to glycidol via a valine adduct at the N-terminus of hemoglobin. J Chromatogr B 1059:7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.05.022","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"3880_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.07.058","volume":"50","author":"H Honda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Honda H, Fujii K, Yamaguchi T, Ikeda N, Nishiyama N, Kasamatsu T (2012) Glycidol exposure evaluation of humans who have ingested diacylglycerol oil containing glycidol fatty acid esters using hemoglobin adducts. Food Chem Toxicol 50:4163\u20134168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2012.07.058","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.01.010","volume":"275","author":"H Honda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Honda H, T\u00f6rnqvist M, Nishiyama N, Kasamatsu T (2014) Characterization of glycidol-hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of exposure and in vivo dose. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 275:213\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2014.01.010","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"3880_CR34","unstructured":"IARC (2013) 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol some chemicals present in industrial and consumer products, food and drinking-water. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol 101. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (France), p 349\u2013374"},{"key":"3880_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000557","volume":"7","author":"R Inagaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inagaki R, Hirai C, Shimamura Y, Masuda S (2016) Formation of glycidol fatty acid esters in meat samples cooked by various methods. J Food Process Technol 7:557\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2157-7110.1000557","journal-title":"J Food Process Technol"},{"key":"3880_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"3880_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201000313","volume":"113","author":"J Kuhlmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuhlmann J (2011) Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refinded oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113:335\u2013344","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol"},{"key":"3880_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(97)00171-1","volume":"381","author":"HH Landin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Landin HH, Grummt T, Laurent C, Tates A (1997) Monitoring of occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin by genetic effects and hemoglobin adducts. Mutat Res 381:217\u2013226","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"3880_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00093-4","volume":"38","author":"HH Landin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Landin HH, Tareke E, Rydberg P, Olsson U, T\u00f6rnqvist M (2000) Heating of food and haemoglobin adducts from carcinogens: possible precursor role of glycidol. Food Chem Toxicol 38:963\u2013969","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05126-x","volume":"416","author":"G Lang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lang G, Henao C, Almstetter M, Arndt D, Goujon C, Maeder S (2024) Non-targeted analytical comparison of a heated tobacco product aerosol against mainstream cigarette smoke: does heating tobacco produce an inherently different set of aerosol constituents? Anal Bioanal Chem 416:1349\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-024-05126-x","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3880_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113808","volume":"237","author":"J Menzel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Menzel J, Abraham K, Dietrich S et al (2021) Internal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in vegans and omnivores. Int J Hyg Environ Health 237:113808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113808","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"3880_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.06.013","volume":"332","author":"BH Monien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monien BH, Abraham K, Nawrot TS, Hogervorst JGF (2020) Levels of the hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-valine in cord and maternal blood: prenatal transfer of glycidol in the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Toxicol Lett 332:82\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.06.013","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"3880_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03798-z","author":"BH Monien","year":"2024","unstructured":"Monien BH, Bergau N, Gauch F, Weikert C, Abraham K (2024) Internal exposure to heat-induced food contaminants in omnivores, vegans and strict raw food eaters: biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide (hemoglobin adducts, urinary mercapturic acids) and new insights on its endogenous formation. Arch Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03798-z","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monien BH, Abraham K (2023) The carcinogen glycidol and use of N-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-valine in hemoglobin as a biomarker of exposure. In: Patel VB, Preedy VR, Rajendram R (eds) Biomarkers in toxicology. Springer International Publishing, Cham, p 123\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-07392-2_65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07392-2_65"},{"key":"3880_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"374","author":"National Toxicology Program","year":"1990","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (1990) Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of glycidol (CAS No. 556\u201352-5) In F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 374:1\u2013229","journal-title":"Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"3880_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12415","volume":"18","author":"SB Oey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oey SB, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Fogliano V, van Leeuwen SPJ (2019) Mitigation strategies for the reduction of 2-and 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in the vegetable oil processing industry. Compr Rev Food Sci F 18:349\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12415","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci F"},{"key":"3880_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geu018","volume":"29","author":"S Onami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onami S, Cho YM, Toyoda T et al (2014) Absence of in vivo genotoxicity of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and associated fatty acid esters in a 4-week comprehensive toxicity study using F344 gpt delta rats. Mutagenesis 29:295\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mutage\/geu018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"3880_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Penczynski KJ, Cramer B, Dietrich S, Humpf HU, Abraham K, Weikert C (2022) Mycotoxins in serum and 24-h urine of vegans and omnivores from the risks and benefits of a vegan diet (RBVD) study. Mol Nutr Food Res 214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.202100874","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100874"},{"key":"3880_CR49","unstructured":"Perrin I, Marchesini M, Sunahara G (1994) Repeated dose oral toxicity 28 day gavage in Sprague Dawley rats of 2-chloropropan-1,3 diol (2-MCPD). Unpublished report No. RE-SR94026. Nestec Ltd, Research & Development, Lausanne (Switzerland)."},{"key":"3880_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900849","volume":"63","author":"M Ruenz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruenz M, Goerke K, Bakuradze T et al (2019) Sustained human background exposure to acrolein evidenced by monitoring urinary exposure biomarkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 63:e1900849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201900849","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"3880_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/153472","volume":"2009","author":"P Rydberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rydberg P, von Stedingk H, Magner J, Bjorklund J (2009) LC\/MS\/MS analysis of N-terminal protein adducts with improved sensitivity: a comparison of selected Edman isothiocyanate reagents. Int J Anal Chem 2009:153472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2009\/153472","journal-title":"Int J Anal Chem"},{"key":"3880_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-023-02301-z","volume":"18","author":"Y Shimamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shimamura Y, Miyazaki M, Sawaki S, Inagaki R, Honda H, Masuda S (2024a) Formation of glycidol fatty acid esters and 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters in heated foods. J Food Measur Character 18:2268\u20132279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11694-023-02301-z","journal-title":"J Food Measur Character"},{"key":"3880_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3770","volume":"12","author":"Y Shimamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shimamura Y, Wada Y, Tashiro M, Honda H, Masuda S (2024b) A comparison of the exposure system of glycidol-related chemicals on the formation of glycidol-hemoglobin adducts. Food Sci Nutr 12:471\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.3770","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"3880_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01741","volume":"50","author":"M Sleiman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sleiman M, Logue JM, Montesinos VN et al (2016) Emissions from electronic cigarettes: key parameters affecting the release of harmful chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 50:9644\u20139651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b01741","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3880_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s30","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321","volume":"27","author":"G St Helen","year":"2018","unstructured":"St Helen G, Jacob Iii P, Nardone N, Benowitz NL (2018) IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International\u2019s claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control 27:s30\u2013s36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"3880_CR56","unstructured":"Sunahara G, Perrin I, Marchessini M (1993) Carcinogenicity study on 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) administered in drinking water to Fischer 344 rats. Report RE-SR93003 submitted to WHO. Nestec Ltd., Research and Development, Lausanne (Switzerland)."},{"key":"3880_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600748430","volume":"18","author":"M Urban","year":"2006","unstructured":"Urban M, Kavvadias D, Riedel K, Scherer G, Tricker AR (2006) Urinary mercapturic acids and a hemoglobin adduct for the dosimetry of acrylamide exposure in smokers and nonsmokers. Inhal Toxicol 18:831\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08958370600748430","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"3880_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.691","volume":"37","author":"K Wakabayashi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wakabayashi K, Kurata Y, Harada T, Tamaki Y, Nishiyama N, Kasamatsu T (2012) Species differences in toxicokinetic parameters of glycidol after a single dose of glycidol or glycidol linoleate in rats and monkeys. J Toxicol Sci 37:691\u2013698","journal-title":"J Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"3880_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0575","volume":"117","author":"C Weikert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weikert C, Trefflich I, Menzel J et al (2020) Vitamin and mineral status in a vegan diet. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int 117:575\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0575","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"key":"3880_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200900137","volume":"112","author":"R Weisshaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weisshaar R, Perz R (2010) Fatty acid esters of glycidol in refined fats and oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 112:158\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejlt.200900137","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol"},{"key":"3880_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136913","volume":"429","author":"YL Yung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yung YL, Lakshmanan S, Kumaresan S, Chu CM, Tham HJ (2023) Mitigation of 3-monochloropropane 1,2 diol ester and glycidyl ester in refined oil\u2014a review. Food Chem 429:136913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136913","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"3880_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030600887628","volume":"23","author":"Z Zelinkova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zelinkova Z, Svejkovska B, Velisek J, Dolezal M (2006) Fatty acid esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in edible oils. Food Addit Contam 23:1290\u20131298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02652030600887628","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03880-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03880-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03880-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T17:27:32Z","timestamp":1737134852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03880-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03880-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}