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PhE is also used as a biocidal component in occupational settings. A previous volunteer study by our working group following oral exposure to PhE showed that PhE is almost completely taken up into the human body followed by an extensive metabolization and fast urinary elimination. However, with respect to the importance of transdermal uptake, we now conducted another volunteer study applying dermal PhE exposure: five volunteers were dermally exposed with 0.4\u00a0mg\/kg body weight of PhE each on a specified 800\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> skin area using non-occlusive conditions. Subsequently, blood and urine samples were collected up to 48\u00a0h post-exposure. The present study illustrates the fast transdermal uptake of PhE. Following systemic resorption, PhE was extensively metabolized and rapidly eliminated in urine mainly in form of the metabolites PhAA (phenoxyacetic acid) and 4-OH-PhAA (4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid) accounting together for over 99% of the renally excreted PhE dose. The absolute urinary recovery rate of PhE was observed to be significantly lower following dermal exposure compared to oral uptake indicating a dermal resorption rate of PhE of about 45% in humans. The present study provides for the first time detailed insights into human biotransformation and toxicokinetics of PhE after dermal exposure, thus establishing a reliable strategy for human biomonitoring of PhE. The here presented results may thus be useful for further toxicokinetic modeling and forward dosimetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03938-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T12:40:29Z","timestamp":1735044029000},"page":"1095-1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dermal penetration of 2-phenoxyethanol in humans: in vivo metabolism and toxicokinetics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Eckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Leibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"G\u00f6en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3938_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.015396","volume":"62","author":"BV de Wendel Joode","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Wendel Joode BV, Bierman EP, Brouwer DH, Spithoven J, Kromhout H (2005) An assessment of dermal exposure to semi-synthetic metal working fluids by different methods to group workers for an epidemiological study on dermatitis. 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The authors Thomas J\u00e4ger, Michael Bader, and Edgar Leibold are employees of BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany, a producer of 2-phenoxyethanol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee as well as with the Helsinki declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The study design was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee [Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (Vote No. 296_19 B)].","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to inclusion in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}