{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:15:51Z","timestamp":1789769751797,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015800","name":"Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024C013-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C013-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015800","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04177-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T15:18:56Z","timestamp":1756480736000},"page":"4737-4755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Construction of testicular organoids and their applications in the field of toxicology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Shidi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac6126","volume":"14","author":"A AbuMadighem","year":"2022","unstructured":"AbuMadighem A, Shuchat S, Lunenfeld E, Yossifon G, Huleihel M (2022) Testis on a chip\u2014a microfluidic three-dimensional culture system for the development of spermatogenesis in-vitro. Biofabrication 14(3):035004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac6126","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"issue":"8","key":"4177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03767-6","volume":"98","author":"R Almamoun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almamoun R, Pierozan P, Karlsson O (2024) Mechanistic screening of reproductive toxicity in a novel 3D testicular co-culture model shows significant impairments following exposure to low-dibutyl phthalate concentrations. Arch Toxicol 98(8):2695\u20132709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03767-6","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"4177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.025","volume":"130","author":"JP Alves-Lopes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alves-Lopes JP, S\u00f6der O, Stukenborg J-B (2017) Testicular organoid generation by a novel in vitro three-layer gradient system. Biomaterials 130:76\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"4177_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.07.021","volume":"73","author":"C de Angelis","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Angelis C, Galdiero M, Pivonello C et al (2017) The environment and male reproduction: the effect of cadmium exposure on reproductive function and its implication in fertility. Reprod Toxicol 73:105\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.07.021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.11.012","volume":"8","author":"Y Baert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baert Y, De Kock J, Alves-Lopes JP, S\u00f6der O, Stukenborg J-B, Goossens E (2017) Primary human testicular cells self-organize into organoids with testicular properties. Stem Cell Reports 8(1):30\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.11.012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"4177_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108645","volume":"128","author":"T-C Cham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cham T-C, Ibtisham F, Al-Dissi A, Honaramooz A (2024) An in vitro testicular organoid model for the study of testis morphogenesis, somatic cell maturation, endocrine function, and toxicological assessment of endocrine disruptors. Reprod Toxicol 128:108645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108645","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4177_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081774","volume":"12","author":"AB Cohen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cohen AB, Nikmehr B, Abdelaal OA et al (2024) Microrna analysis of in vitro differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells using a 3D human testis organoid system. Biomedicines 12(8):1774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12081774","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"9","key":"4177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/Jom.0000000000000249","volume":"56","author":"TH Connor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connor TH, Lawson CC, Polovich M, McDiarmid MA (2014) Reproductive health risks associated with occupational exposures to antineoplastic drugs in health care settings. J Occup Environ Med 56(9):901\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/Jom.0000000000000249","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"4177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172283","volume":"12","author":"J Cortez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cortez J, Leiva B, Torres CG et al (2022) Generation and characterization of bovine testicular organoids derived from primary somatic cell populations. Animals 12(17):2283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12172283","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4177_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoae049","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoae049","volume":"2024","author":"Y Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui Y, Harteveld F, Ba Omar HAM et al (2024) Prior exposure to alkylating agents negatively impacts testicular organoid formation in cells obtained from childhood cancer patients. Hum Reprod Open 2024:hoae049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoae049","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"4177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab9907","volume":"12","author":"ME Edmonds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edmonds ME, Woodruff TK (2020) Testicular organoid formation is a property of immature somatic cells, which self-assemble and exhibit long-term hormone-responsive endocrine function. Biofabrication 12(4):671\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab9907","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"issue":"21","key":"4177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111456","volume":"22","author":"AN Enangue Njembele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Enangue Njembele AN, Tremblay JJ (2021) Mechanisms of MEHP inhibitory action and analysis of potential replacement plasticizers on Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 22(21):11456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111456","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae043","volume":"200","author":"X Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang X, Richa T, Nguyen VP, Richburg JH (2024) The blood-testis barrier disruption is a prerequisite for toxicant-induced peritubular macrophage increases in the testis of peripubertal rats. Toxicol Sci 200:70\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae043","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-2069-z","volume":"34","author":"IA Freires","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freires IA, Sardi JdCO, de Castro RD, Rosalen PL (2016) Alternative animal and non-animal models for drug discovery and development: bonus or burden? Pharm Res 34(4):681\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-016-2069-z","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.10.016","volume":"30","author":"A Freyberger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freyberger A, Weimer M, Lofink W, Ahr H-J (2010) Short-term dynamic culture of rat testicular fragments as a model to assess effects on steroidogenesis\u2014potential use and limitations. Reprod Toxicol 30(1):36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.10.016","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11070677","volume":"11","author":"G Galdon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galdon G, Zarandi NP, Deebel NA et al (2024) In vitro generation of haploid germ cells from human XY and XXY immature testes in a 3D organoid system. Bioengineering 11(7):677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11070677","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"4177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202400049","volume":"116","author":"LR Ghaleno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghaleno LR, Hajari MA, Choshali MA et al (2024) Hyaluronic acid-alginate hydrogel stimulates the differentiation of neonatal mouse testicular cells into hepatocyte-like and other cell lineages in three-dimensional culture. Biol Cell 116(10):e2400049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/boc.202400049","journal-title":"Biol Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"4177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00279-y","volume":"6","author":"M Hofer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hofer M, Lutolf MP (2021) Engineering organoids. Nat Rev Mater 6(5):402\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41578-021-00279-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"issue":"6","key":"4177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.104523","volume":"15","author":"RF Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang RF, Xia H, Meng T et al (2025) Construction of human pluripotent stem cell-derived testicular organoids and their use as humanized testis models for evaluating the effects of semaglutide. Theranostics 15(6):2597\u20132623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.104523","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"4177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66709","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19640","volume":"8","author":"F Ibtisham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ibtisham F et al (2017) Progress and future prospect of in vitro spermatogenesis. Oncotarget 8:66709\u201366727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.19640","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"24","key":"4177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6850","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15776","volume":"288","author":"NK Karamanos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z et al (2021) A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 288(24):6850\u20136912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.15776","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"4177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.22038\/IJBMS.2021.58294.12948","volume":"24","author":"M Kiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiani M et al (2021) Formation of organoid-like structures in the decellularized rat testis. Iran J Basic Med Sci 24:1523\u20131528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/IJBMS.2021.58294.12948","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12225","volume":"17","author":"M Komeya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Komeya M, Sato T, Ogawa T (2018) In vitro spermatogenesis: a century-long research journey, still half way around. Reprod Med Biol 17(4):407\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmb2.12225","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","volume":"29","author":"H Levine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Levine H, J\u00f8rgensen N, Martino-Andrade A et al (2023) Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Hum Reprod Update 29(2):157\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"4177_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.09.014","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu J, Ye P et al (2022) Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering. Bioactive Mater 10:15\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.09.014","journal-title":"Bioactive Mater"},{"issue":"5","key":"4177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0171350","volume":"17","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Li Q, Zhou C et al (2023) Organoid-on-a-chip: current challenges, trends, and future scope toward medicine. Biomicrofluidics 17(5):051505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0171350","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"4177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108898","volume":"190","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Wang X-R, Hu Y-F et al (2024) Advances in immunology of male reproductive toxicity induced by common environmental pollutants. Environ Int 190:108898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108898","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"4177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa057","volume":"35","author":"I Maschmeyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maschmeyer I, Goossens E, Marx U et al (2020) A multi-organ-chip co-culture of liver and testis equivalents: a first step toward a systemic male reprotoxicity model. Hum Reprod 35(5):1029\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deaa057","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"4177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02071-z","volume":"157","author":"H Miyaso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyaso H, Ogawa Y, Itoh M (2022) Microenvironment for spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. Histochem Cell Biol 157(3):273\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-021-02071-z","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.12.006","volume":"30","author":"GE Neurohr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neurohr GE, Amon A (2020) Relevance and regulation of cell density. Trends Cell Biol 30(3):213\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.12.006","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"4177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2805","DOI":"10.3161\/gmj.v12i0.2805","volume":"12","author":"AKF Nikmahzar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikmahzar AKF, Koruji M, Jahanshahi M, DehghanTarazjani M, Shabani M, Abbasi Y, Abbasi M (2023a) Evaluation of apoptosis-related genes and hormone secretion profiles using three dimensional culture system of human testicular organoids. Galen Med J 12:e2805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3161\/gmj.v12i0.2805","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"4177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14643","volume":"47","author":"A Nikmahzar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikmahzar A, Koruji M, Jahanshahi M et al (2023b) Differentiation of human primary testicular cells in the presence of SCF using the organoid culture system. Artif Organs 47(12):1818\u20131830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aor.14643","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"4177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108598","volume":"126","author":"T Nishimura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nishimura T, Takebe T (2024) Synthetic human gonadal tissues for toxicology. Reprod Toxicol 126:108598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108598","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01149-3","volume":"19","author":"E Oliver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliver E, Alves-Lopes JP, Harteveld F et al (2021) Self-organising human gonads generated by a Matrigel-based gradient system. BMC Biol 19(1):212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-021-01149-3","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4177_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn042","volume":"14","author":"W Ombelet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ombelet W, Cooke I, Dyer S, Serour G, Devroey P (2008) Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries. Hum Reprod Update 14(6):605\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmn042","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"4177_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.143446","volume":"96","author":"SS Pendergraft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pendergraft SS, Sadri-Ardekani H, Atala A, Bishop CE (2017) Three-dimensional testicular organoid: a novel tool for the study of human spermatogenesis and gonadotoxicity in vitro\u2020. Biol Reprod 96(3):720\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.116.143446","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2020.129749","volume":"1865","author":"R Raju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raju R, Bryant SJ, Wilkinson BL, Bryant G (2021) The need for novel cryoprotectants and cryopreservation protocols: insights into the importance of biophysical investigation and cell permeability. Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1865(1):129749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2020.129749","journal-title":"Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA) - General Subjects"},{"issue":"4","key":"4177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1039\/c8bm01001c","volume":"7","author":"T Rezaei Topraggaleh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rezaei Topraggaleh T, Rezazadeh Valojerdi M, Montazeri L, Baharvand H (2019) A testis-derived macroporous 3D scaffold as a platform for the generation of mouse testicular organoids. Biomater Sci 7(4):1422\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c8bm01001c","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"4177_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.757565","volume":"12","author":"G Richer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richer G, Hobbs RM, Loveland KL, Goossens E, Baert Y (2021) Long-term maintenance and meiotic entry of early germ cells in murine testicular organoids functionalized by 3D printed scaffolds and air-medium interface cultivation. Front Physiol 12:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.757565","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad618f","volume":"16","author":"G Richer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Richer G, Goyvaerts C, Marchandise L, Vanhaecke T, Goossens E, Baert Y (2024) Spermatogenesis in mouse testicular organoids with testis-specific architecture, improved germ cell survival and testosterone production. Biofabrication 16(4):045024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad618f","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"4177_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1960.tb73127.x","volume":"1","author":"WMS Russell","year":"1960","unstructured":"Russell WMS, Burch RL (1960) The principles of humane experimental technique. Med J Australia 1:500\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1960.tb73127.x","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"issue":"12","key":"4177_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121620","volume":"8","author":"N-E Ryu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ryu N-E, Lee S-H, Park H (2019) Spheroid culture system methods and applications for mesenchymal stem cells. Cells 8(12):1620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8121620","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"4177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","volume":"153","author":"FS Vom Saal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vom Saal FS, Woodruff TJ, Soto AM et al (2012) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from the endocrine society. Endocrinology 153(9):4097\u20134110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-1422","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4177_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz053","volume":"100","author":"S Sakib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakib S, Uchida A, Valenzuela-Leon P et al (2019) Formation of organotypic testicular organoids in microwell culture\u2020. Biol Reprod 100(6):1648\u20131660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioz053","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"4177_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.892342","volume":"13","author":"S Sakib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sakib S, NdLeM L, Huynh BC, Dobrinski I (2022) Organotypic rat testicular organoids for the study of testicular maturation and toxicology. Front Endocrinol 13:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.892342","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4177_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146393","volume":"1723","author":"F Salaris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salaris F, Rosa A (2019) Construction of 3D in vitro models by bioprinting human pluripotent stem cells: challenges and opportunities. Brain Res 1723:146393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146393","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4177_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa781","volume":"106","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma A, Minhas S, Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN (2021) Male infertility due to testicular disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106(2):e442\u2013e459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa781","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"4177_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.89480","volume":"20","author":"A Stopel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stopel A, Lev C, Dahari S, Adibi O, Armon L, Gonen N (2024) Towards a \u201ctestis in a dish\u201d: generation of mouse testicular organoids that recapitulate testis structure and expression profiles. Int J Biol Sci 20(3):1024\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.89480","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4177_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.08.016","volume":"21","author":"T Takebe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takebe T, Zhang B, Radisic M (2017) Synergistic engineering: organoids meet organs-on-a-chip. Cell Stem Cell 21(3):297\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2017.08.016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"4177_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122980","author":"J Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan J, Li J, Lin C et al (2024) Generation of mouse testicular organoids with highly compartmentalized tubular lumen structure and their cryopreservation. Life Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122980","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4177_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2709","volume":"19","author":"S Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang S, Jones C, Mecca R, Davies J, Lane S, Coward K (2024) An in vitro three-dimensional (3D) testicular organoid culture system for efficient gonocyte maintenance and propagation using frozen\/thawed neonatal bovine testicular tissues. Biomed Mater 19(2):025040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2709","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"4177_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","volume":"62","author":"M Vander Borght","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vander Borght M, Wyns C (2018) Fertility and infertility: definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem 62:2\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"4177_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111415","volume":"539","author":"L Varticovski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varticovski L, Stavreva DA, McGowan A, Raziuddin R, Hager GL (2022) Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 539:111415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111415","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"21","key":"4177_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215476","volume":"20","author":"M Vermeulen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vermeulen M, Del Vento F, Kanbar M et al (2019) Generation of rganized porcine testicular organoids in solubilized hydrogels from decellularized extracellular matrix. Int J Mol Sci 20(21):5476","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4177_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2022164","volume":"54","author":"S Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu S, Li X, Li P et al (2022a) Developing rat testicular organoid models for assessing the reproductive toxicity of antidepression drugs. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 54(11):1748\u20131752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/abbs.2022164","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin"},{"key":"4177_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127807","volume":"426","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu Y, Wang J, Zhao T et al (2022b) Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure leads to ferroptosis via the HIF-1\u03b1\/HO-1 signaling pathway in mouse testes. J Hazard Mater 426:127807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127807","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac992a","volume":"15","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Huang R, Cao Z et al (2022) In vitro reconstitution of the hormone-responsive testicular organoids from murine primary testicular cells. Biofabrication 15(1):015001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac992a","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00915-4","volume":"20","author":"Y Yao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yao Y, Wan Y, Shi X et al (2022) Letrozole protects against cadmium-induced inhibition of spermatogenesis via LHCGR and Hsd3b6 to activate testosterone synthesis in mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 20(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-022-00915-4","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"45","key":"4177_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007949","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007949","volume":"33","author":"SA Yi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi SA, Zhang Y, Rathnam C, Pongkulapa T, Lee KB (2021) Bioengineering approaches for the advanced organoid research. Adv Mater 33(45):2007949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202007949","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"11","key":"4177_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05364-w","volume":"13","author":"L Yi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi L, Shang X-J, Lv L et al (2022) Cadmium-induced apoptosis of Leydig cells is mediated by excessive mitochondrial fission and inhibition of mitophagy. Cell Death Dis 13(11):928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05364-w","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09521-z","volume":"21","author":"B Yilmaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yilmaz B, Terekeci H, Sandal S, Kelestimur F (2019) Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 21(1):127\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-019-09521-z","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4177_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y","volume":"2","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Chen X, Dowbaj AM et al (2022) Organoids. Nat Rev Methods Primers 2(1):2283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primers"},{"issue":"25","key":"4177_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202207752","volume":"19","author":"LY Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu LY, Yuhan J, Yu H, Zhang BY, Huang KL, Zhu LJ (2023) Decellularized extracellular matrix for remodeling bioengineering organoid\u2019s microenvironment. Small 19(25):2207752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202207752","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"4177_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176497","volume":"954","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Zhai JN, Chen ZG et al (2024) DEHP regulates ferritinophagy to promote testicular ferroptosis via suppressing SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway. Sci Total Environ 954:176497","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04177-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04177-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04177-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:40:10Z","timestamp":1760712010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04177-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04177-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no confict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}