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Furthermore, skin characteristics such as thickness of different anatomic sites may have an effect on percutaneous absorption. Despite a potential relevance for safety measures, little is yet known for occupationally relevant skin sites, like hands. We conducted a human in vivo study aiming to identify the effect of anatomic sites on percutaneous absorption of 2-phenoxyethanol. Two human volunteers were dermally exposed to 2-phenoxyethanol (loading dose: 0.2\u00a0mg\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    skin) at seven different anatomic skin sites with areas of 200 and 400\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for 2-phenoxyethanol and its two main metabolites up to 48\u00a0h post-exposure. Relative absorption ratios showed moderate site differences ranging from 0.89 to 1.64 (compared to the forearm) as the overall renal recovery was between 23 and 43% of applied 2-phenoxyethanol. Inter-individual variability was in a similar range. A notable influence of the exposed site could, however, be observed for the penetration speed which was highest at the forehead and neck, and slowest at the hand palms. Differing ratios of unmetabolized 2-phenoxyethanol and its main metabolite found in blood point to a site-depending intradermal metabolism. This study revealed major findings concerning the velocity of percutaneous penetration at different skin sites, which is relevant for adequate skin protection. The obtained data broaden the knowledge about site-related variations in percutaneous absorption and thus can improve future toxicological evaluations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04212-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:53:32Z","timestamp":1761749612000},"page":"557-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of the exposed anatomic sites on the human in vivo percutaneous absorption of the amphiphilic 2-phenoxyethanol"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Hiller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Kaifie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"G\u00f6en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-005-0008-0","volume":"78","author":"M Bader","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bader M, Keener SA, Wrbitzky R (2005) Dermal absorption and urinary elimination of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 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The authors Thomas J\u00e4ger and Michael Bader are employees of BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany, a producer of 2-phenoxyethanol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee as well as with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The study design was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee (Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (Vote No. 296_19 B)).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}