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Herein, we highlight the effects of OVTX-a, in comparison to PLTX, at the skin level using human HaCaT keratinocytes, employing a sample containing OVTX-a at 86% purity. After 4\u00a0h exposure, OVTX-a reduced cell viability (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20098.3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>\n                    M) with one order of magnitude lower potency than PLTX (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.7\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\n                    M). Accordingly, OVTX-a induced lower levels of cell necrosis and mitochondrial depolarization than PLTX, but a 1-h-exposure to each toxin provoked similar increases in ROS production. Moreover, cells co-exposure to ouabain, an inhibitor of Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ATPase, the molecular target of PLTX, or to diphenyliodonium chloride, a non-specific inhibitor of flavoprotein-based enzymes involved in PLTX-induced oxidative stress, suggested that OVTX-a and PLTX share not only the same molecular target, but also the same mechanism of ROS-dependent cytotoxicity. Overall, these results provide new evidence on OVTX-a hazard characterization at the skin level, clarifying its mechanism of action at the basis of cutaneous adverse effects experienced by bathers during\n                    <jats:italic>O.<\/jats:italic>\n                    cf.\n                    <jats:italic>ovata<\/jats:italic>\n                    blooms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04229-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T05:53:03Z","timestamp":1761889983000},"page":"773-788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cutaneous effects of ovatoxin-a: an in vitro study on human skin keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"D\u2019Arelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Melchiorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Varriale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Tartaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Varra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Tubaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Dell\u2019Aversano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4306-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"4229_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2020.101338","volume":"38","author":"L A\u00e7af","year":"2020","unstructured":"A\u00e7af L, Abboud-Abi Saab M, Khoury-Hanna M, Lem\u00e9e R (2020) Bloom dynamics of the newly described toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis fattorussoi along the Lebanese coast (Eastern Mediterranean). 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