{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:27:48Z","timestamp":1793114868251,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31960199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32260135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20232ACB206063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206063"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jiangxi Province","award":["YC2025-B019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YC2025-B019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04250-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T19:19:03Z","timestamp":1765221543000},"page":"1149-1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toxicological profiling of venoms from ten major Chinese snakes: a mass spectrometry-based proteomic and multiroute assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Jianqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"30","key":"4250_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666161028155611","volume":"24","author":"JR Almeida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Almeida JR, Resende LM, Watanabe RK et al (2017) Snake venom peptides and low mass proteins: molecular tools and therapeutic agents. Curr Med Chem 24(30):3254\u20133282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867323666161028155611","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.07.007","volume":"151","author":"RM Alves","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alves RM, Antonucci GA, Paiva HH et al (2008) Evidence of caspase-mediated apoptosis induced by l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol 151(4):542\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.07.007","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4250_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0013439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013439","volume":"19","author":"I Avella","year":"2025","unstructured":"Avella I, Schulte L, Damm M et al (2025) Venomics of the Arabian saw-scaled Viper (Echis coloratus) through transcriptome-guided proteomics and in vitro functional profiling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 19(8):e0013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013439","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.102","volume":"51","author":"HS Bawaskar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Bawaskar PH (2021) The global burden of snake bite envenoming. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 51(1):7\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.102","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb"},{"issue":"4","key":"4250_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.18999\/nagjms.82.4.763","volume":"82","author":"S Bhargava","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhargava S, Kumari K, Sarin RK, Singh R (2020) First-hand knowledge about snakes and snake-bite management: an urgent need. Nagoya J Med Sci 82(4):763\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18999\/nagjms.82.4.763","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06019-6","volume":"7","author":"MA Bittenbinder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bittenbinder MA, van Thiel J, Cardoso FC et al (2024) Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Commun Biol 7(1):358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-024-06019-6","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"4250_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2025.07.001","volume":"237","author":"LA Bourke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bourke LA, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Mancuso M et al (2025) Venom versatility: dynamic anticoagulant and procoagulant variations between and within Bothrocophias (toad-head) and basal Bothrops (lance-head) pit vipers. Biochimie 237:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2025.07.001","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"4250_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cavalcante JS, Brito I, De Oliveira LA et al (2022) Experimental Bothrops atrox envenomation: blood plasma proteome effects after local tissue damage and perspectives on thromboinflammation. Toxins (Basel) 14(9):613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14090613","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090613"},{"key":"4250_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cavalcante JS, de Almeida DEG, Santos-Filho NA et al (2023) Crosstalk of inflammation and coagulation in Bothrops snakebite envenoming: endogenous signaling pathways and pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 24(14):11508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241411508","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411508"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0191","volume":"219","author":"LS Chang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chang LS, Wu PF, Lin J (1996) cDNA sequence analysis and expression of cardiotoxins from Taiwan Cobra. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 219(1):116\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0191","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4250_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.12.019","volume":"340","author":"A Chowdhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chowdhury A, Zdenek CN, Dobson JS, Bourke LA, Soria R, Fry BG (2021a) Clinical implications of differential procoagulant toxicity of the Palearctic Viperid genus Macrovipera, and the relative neutralization efficacy of antivenoms and enzyme inhibitors. Toxicol Lett 340:77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.12.019","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"4250_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688802","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.688802","volume":"12","author":"A Chowdhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chowdhury A, Zdenek CN, Lewin MR et al (2021b) Venom-Induced blood disturbances by palearctic viperid snakes, and their relative neutralization by antivenoms and enzyme-inhibitors. Front Immunol 12:688802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.688802","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4250_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.08.017","volume":"218","author":"A Chowdhury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chowdhury A, Lewin MR, Carter RW, Casewell NR, Fry BG (2022a) Keel venom: rhabdophis subminiatus (Red-Necked Keelback) venom pathophysiologically affects diverse blood clotting pathways. Toxicon 218:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.08.017","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-022-00572-w","volume":"40","author":"A Chowdhury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chowdhury A, Zdenek CN, Fry BG (2022b) Diverse and dynamic alpha-neurotoxicity within venoms from the palearctic viperid snake clade of Daboia, Macrovipera, Montivipera, and Vipera. Neurotox Res 40(6):1793\u20131801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-022-00572-w","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37435-4","volume":"9","author":"F Costal-Oliveira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costal-Oliveira F, Stransky S, Guerra-Duarte C et al (2019) L-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops atrox snake venom triggers autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in normal human keratinocytes. Sci Rep 9(1):781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37435-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"4250_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00171","volume":"23","author":"M Damm","year":"2024","unstructured":"Damm M, Kar\u0131\u015f M, Petras D, Nalbantsoy A, G\u00f6\u00e7men B, S\u00fcssmuth RD (2024) Venomics and peptidomics of palearctic vipers: a clade-wide analysis of seven taxa of the genera Vipera, Montivipera, Macrovipera, and Daboia across T\u00fcrkiye. J Proteome Res 23(8):3524\u20133541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00171","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"4250_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71378","DOI":"10.2196\/71378","volume":"27","author":"A Dash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dash A, Kerketta S, Mallick G, Menon J, Kanungo S, Pati S (2025) Digital health intervention in snakebite management: scoping review. J Med Internet Res 27:e71378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/71378","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12739","volume":"81","author":"HA de Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Silva HA, Ryan NM, de Silva HJ (2016) Adverse reactions to snake antivenom, and their prevention and treatment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 81(3):446\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12739","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4250_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200177","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0177","volume":"27","author":"T Faisal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faisal T, Tan KY, Tan NH, Sim SM, Gnanathasan CA, Tan CH (2021) Proteomics, toxicity and antivenom neutralization of Sri Lankan and Indian russell\u2019s Viper (Daboia russelii) venoms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 27:e20200177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0177","journal-title":"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4250_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.043","volume":"185","author":"CFC Fernandes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes CFC, Pereira SS, Luiz MB et al (2021) Engineering of single-domain antibodies for next-generation snakebite antivenoms. Int J Biol Macromol 185:240\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.043","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4250_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4668","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4668","volume":"13","author":"X Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu X, Li S, Jia M, Yang W, Hu P (2023) Induction of skeletal muscle injury by intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin in mouse. Bio Protoc 13(9):e4668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/BioProtoc.4668","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"4250_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116967","volume":"177","author":"K Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu K, Zhao J, Zhong L et al (2024) Dual therapy with phospholipase and metalloproteinase inhibitors from Sinonatrix annularis alleviated acute kidney and liver injury caused by multiple snake venoms. Biomed Pharmacother 177:116967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116967","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"4250_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gamulin E, Mateljak Luka\u010devi\u0107 S, Halassy B, Kurtovi\u0107 T (2023) Snake antivenoms-toward better understanding of the administration route. Toxins (Basel) 15(6):398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins15060398","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15060398"},{"key":"4250_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gamulin E, Mateljak Luka\u010devi\u0107 S, Lang Balija M et al (2025) Pharmacokinetics of snake antivenom following intravenous and intramuscular administration in envenomed large animal model. Pharmaceutics 17(2):212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020212","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020212"},{"key":"4250_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609487","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2025.1609487","volume":"7","author":"Q Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao Q, Teng Y, Xiao C et al (2025) Epidemiological investigation of venomous snakebites in Yunnan Province. Front Toxicol 7:1609487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2025.1609487","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00687","volume":"20","author":"P Ghezellou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghezellou P, Albuquerque W, Garikapati V et al (2021) Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up mass spectrometric strategies for proteomic profiling of Iranian saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus sochureki, venom. J Proteome Res 20(1):895\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00687","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"4250_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","volume":"3","author":"JM Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA (2017) Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3:17063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"4250_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606903","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1606903","volume":"69","author":"W Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao W, He L, Song X et al (2024) Spatial accessibility analysis of snake antivenom. Int J Public Health 69:1606903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ijph.2024.1606903","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"4250_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000569","volume":"3","author":"RA Harrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harrison RA, Hargreaves A, Wagstaff SC, Faragher B, Lalloo DG (2009) Snake envenoming: a disease of poverty. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3(12):e569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000569","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4250_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.07.015","volume":"128","author":"HW Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang HW, Liu BS, Chien KY et al (2015) Cobra venom proteome and glycome determined from individual snakes of Naja atra reveal medically important dynamic range and systematic geographic variation. J Proteom 128:92\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.07.015","journal-title":"J Proteom"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2865","volume":"205","author":"CC Hung","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hung CC, Huang KF, Chiou SH (1994) Characterization of one novel venom protease with beta-fibrinogenase activity from the Taiwan Habu (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus): purification and cDNA sequence analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205(3):1707\u20131715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2865","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"10167","key":"4250_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32762-4","volume":"393","author":"CJ Hunter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hunter CJ, Piechazek KH, Nyarang\u2019o PM, Rennie T (2019) Snakebite envenoming. Lancet 393(10167):129\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32762-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"4250_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.06.025","volume":"14","author":"LF Izidoro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Izidoro LF, Ribeiro MC, Souza GR et al (2006) Biochemical and functional characterization of an L-amino acid oxidase isolated from Bothrops pirajai snake venom. Bioorg Med Chem 14(20):7034\u20137043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.06.025","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"4250_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126708","volume":"253","author":"A Jaglan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaglan A, Bhatia S, Martin G, Sunagar K (2023) The Royal armoury: venomics and antivenomics of King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) from the Indian Western Ghats. Int J Biol Macromol 253(Pt 2):126708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126708","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4250_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kazandjian TD, Arrahman A, Still KBM et al (2021a) Anticoagulant activity of Naja nigricollis venom is mediated by phospholipase A2 toxins and inhibited by varespladib. Toxins (Basel) 13(5):302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13050302","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13050302"},{"issue":"6527","key":"4250_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb9303","volume":"371","author":"TD Kazandjian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kazandjian TD, Petras D, Robinson SD et al (2021b) Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science 371(6527):386\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abb9303","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0254","volume":"219","author":"TK Kumar","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kumar TK, Yang PW, Lin SH et al (1996) Cloning, direct expression, and purification of a snake venom cardiotoxin in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 219(2):450\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0254","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4250_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2025.124768","volume":"1265","author":"R Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar R, Kumar S, Rathore AS (2025) Utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to map targeting of snake venom components by antivenom. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1265:124768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2025.124768","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"4250_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurtovi\u0107 T, Karabuva S, Grenc D et al (2021) Intravenous Vipera berus Venom-Specific Fab Fragments and Intramuscular Vipera ammodytes Venom-Specific F(ab\u2019)(2) Fragments in Vipera ammodytes-Envenomed Patients. Toxins (Basel) 13(4):279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13040279","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040279"},{"key":"4250_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108451","volume":"264","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, Dai H, Zhao Z et al (2025) Deciphering the venom components of sea snakes: integrating dual proteomic techniques to uncover the bioactive potential of Hydrophis curtus. Toxicon 264:108451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108451","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"4250_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang Q, Huynh TM, Ng YZ, Isbister GK, Hodgson WC (2021) In vitro neurotoxicity of Chinese Krait (Bungarus multicinctus) venom and neutralization by antivenoms. Toxins (Basel) 13(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13010049","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010049"},{"key":"4250_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.104084","volume":"234","author":"CC Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu CC, Wu CJ, Hsiao YC et al (2021) Snake venom proteome of protobothrops mucrosquamatus in Taiwan: delaying venom-induced lethality in a rodent model by Inhibition of phospholipase A(2) activity with varespladib. J Proteom 234:104084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.104084","journal-title":"J Proteom"},{"issue":"10148","key":"4250_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31224-8","volume":"392","author":"J Longbottom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Longbottom J, Shearer FM, Devine M et al (2018) Vulnerability to snakebite envenoming: a global mapping of hotspots. Lancet 392(10148):673\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31224-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4250_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04200-2","author":"JB Maciel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maciel JB, Nardini V, Carvalho NS et al (2025) Lipidomics of Bothrops atrox and Crotalus durissus Ruruima venoms, the two major Viperids involved in human envenomings in the Brazilian Amazon. Arch Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04200-2","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"4250_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108507","volume":"266","author":"DD Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nguyen DD, Anh Lam NH, Nguyen DB (2025) Severe and prolonged hypofibrinogenemia following protobothrops Cornutus snake bite: A case report from Vietnam. Toxicon 266:108507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108507","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"4250_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109063","volume":"247","author":"AMF Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh AMF, Tan KY, Tan NH, Tan CH (2021) Proteomics and neutralization of Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded Krait) venom: intra-specific comparisons between specimens from China and Taiwan. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 247:109063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109063","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4250_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osipov A, Utkin Y (2023) What are the neurotoxins in hemotoxic snake venoms? Int J Mol Sci 24(3):2919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24032919","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032919"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-025-01044-7","volume":"25","author":"OO Oyedara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oyedara OO, Ajisebiola BS, Abioye OE et al (2025) Evaluation of the pharmacological potential of Ganoderma lucidum against haemorrhagic and anticoagulant activities of Echis ocellatus venom. BMC Biotechnol 25(1):105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12896-025-01044-7","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"4250_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2021.100086","volume":"12","author":"J Potet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Potet J, Beran D, Ray N et al (2021) Access to antivenoms in the developing world: a multidisciplinary analysis. Toxicon X 12:100086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxcx.2021.100086","journal-title":"Toxicon X"},{"key":"4250_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robinson KE, Holding ML, Whitford MD, Saviola AJ, Yates JR III, Clark RW (2021) Phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance of two sympatric rattlesnakes and their prey. J Evol Biol 34(9):1447\u20131465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeb.13907","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13907"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190201120646","volume":"27","author":"TA Sales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sales TA, Marcussi S, Ramalho TC (2020) Current anti-Inflammatory therapies and the potential of secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitors in the design of new anti-Inflammatory drugs: a review of 2012\u20132018. Curr Med Chem 27(3):477\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867326666190201120646","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4250_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-023-00543-8","volume":"75","author":"GH Sampat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sampat GH, Hiremath K, Dodakallanavar J et al (2023) Unraveling snake venom phospholipase A(2): an overview of its structure, pharmacology, and inhibitors. Pharmacol Rep 75(6):1454\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43440-023-00543-8","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"4250_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108530","volume":"266","author":"L Schulte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schulte L, Damm M, Eichberg J et al (2025) In vitro assessment of enzymatic activities, haemolytic potential, and cytotoxic effects of Mangshan pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) venom. Toxicon 266:108530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108530","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009150","volume":"15","author":"RR Senji Laxme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senji Laxme RR, Attarde S, Khochare S et al (2021a) Biogeographical venom variation in the Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) underscores the pressing need for pan-India efficacious snakebite therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(2):e0009150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009150","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009247","volume":"15","author":"RR Senji Laxme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senji Laxme RR, Khochare S, Attarde S et al (2021b) Biogeographic venom variation in Russell\u2019s viper (Daboia russelii) and the preclinical inefficacy of antivenom therapy in snakebite hotspots. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(3):e0009247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009247","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4250_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan CH (2022) Snake venomics: fundamentals, recent updates, and a look to the next decade. Toxins (Basel) 14(4):247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14040247","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14040247"},{"key":"4250_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210051","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0051","volume":"27","author":"CH Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan CH, Bourges A, Tan KY (2021) King Cobra and snakebite envenomation: on the natural history, human-snake relationship and medical importance of Ophiophagus hannah. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 27:e20210051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0051","journal-title":"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4250_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03420-0","volume":"97","author":"T Tasoulis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tasoulis T, Isbister GK (2023) A current perspective on snake venom composition and constituent protein families. Arch Toxicol 97(1):133\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03420-0","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4250_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(85)90008-x","volume":"23","author":"CM Teng","year":"1985","unstructured":"Teng CM, Ouyang C, Lin SC (1985) Species difference in the fibrinogenolytic effects of alpha- and beta-fibrinogenases from trimeresurus mucrosquamatus snake venom. Toxicon 23(5):777\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0041-0101(85)90008-x","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"4250_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108499","volume":"265","author":"MM Thein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thein MM, White J, Peh CA, Lassi Z, Mahmood MA (2025) Snakebite health outcomes and influencing factors in high-incidence Asian countries: a systematic review. Toxicon 265:108499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108499","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"8","key":"4250_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012124","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00121-24","volume":"90","author":"WC Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang WC, Chang J, Lee CH et al (2024) Phage display-derived alpaca nanobodies as potential therapeutics for Naja atra snake envenomation. Appl Environ Microbiol 90(8):e0012124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00121-24","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4250_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108323","volume":"258","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Liu J, Zhou S et al (2025) Revealing the key organelle in the pathophysiology and clinical applications of animal toxins. Mitochondria Toxicon 258:108323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108323","journal-title":"Mitochondria Toxicon"},{"key":"4250_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Willard NK, Salazar E, Oyervides FA et al (2021) Proteomic identification and quantification of snake venom biomarkers in venom and plasma extracellular vesicles. Toxins (Basel) 13(9):654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13090654","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090654"},{"issue":"2","key":"4250_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007059","volume":"13","author":"DJ Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams DJ, Faiz MA, Abela-Ridder B et al (2019) Strategy for a globally coordinated response to a priority neglected tropical disease: snakebite envenoming. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(2):e0007059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007059","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4250_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.11.015","volume":"13","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Guo S, Yin X et al (2023) Genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analysis of a medicinal snake, Bungarus multicinctus, to provides insights into the origin of Elapidae neurotoxins. Acta Pharm Sin B 13(5):2234\u20132249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.11.015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"4250_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang C, Ding L, He Q et al (2024) Proteomic profiling of venoms from Bungarus suzhenae and B. bungaroides: enzymatic activities and toxicity assessment. Toxins (Basel) 16(11):494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins16110494","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16110494"},{"issue":"3","key":"4250_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2020.342944.1490","volume":"76","author":"S Zaeri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaeri S, Fatemikia H, Kamyab M et al (2021) Hemodynamic changes provoked through intravascular injection of the Echis carinatus venom in rats. Arch Razi Inst 76(3):599\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22092\/ari.2020.342944.1490","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"key":"4250_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao J, Liu G, Shi X, Huang C (2025a) Combination of Rhamnetin and RXP03 mitigates venom-induced toxicity in murine models: preclinical insights into dual-target antivenom therapy. Toxins (Basel) 17(6):280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17060280","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060280"},{"key":"4250_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao J, Shi X, Liu G, Yang Y, Huang C (2025b) Geographic variation in venom proteome and toxicity profiles of Chinese Naja atra: implications for antivenom optimization. Toxins (Basel) 17(8):404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17080404","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17080404"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04298-4","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000}}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04250-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04250-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04250-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T08:56:45Z","timestamp":1772873805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04250-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04250-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04298-4","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04298-4","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}