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Among these, fumonisin B1 (FB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) alters sphingolipid biosynthesis, induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. This study investigated the impact of acute FB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure on inflammation and epigenetics changes in hearts of C57BL\/6 mice. Molecular docking was performed to identify potential interactions between FB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and key inflammatory proteins (TNF-\u03b1, iNOS, NF-\u03baB p65, and NF-\u03baB p50). Excised C57BL\/6 mice heart tissue was analysed for gene expression (qPCR), protein expression (Western blotting), nitric oxide levels (NOS assay), cytokine levels (ELISA), and global DNA methylation (ELISA). Molecular docking suggested FB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    interacted with key residues in TNF-\u03b1, iNOS, and NF-\u03baB, potentially influencing their activity. Gene expression analysis (\n                    <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1, NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>IL-6, NLRP3 Inflammasome, IL-18, caspase 1, IL-1\u03b2, GSDMD, caspase 3, CT-1, IL-10, MBD2, DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) revealed that FB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    significantly dysregulated inflammatory cytokines and DNA methylation-related genes. Protein expression analysis showed significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, NF-\u03baB, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b21). Global DNA methylation levels were significantly increased, with notable upregulation of DNMT1. In conclusion, acute exposure of C57BL\/6 mice to FB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    significantly impacted inflammatory and DNA methylation pathways, leading to cardiac distress complications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04342-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:36:38Z","timestamp":1774949798000},"page":"2665-2683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fumonisin B1 exposure induces cardiac inflammation in C57BL\/6 mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Selwyn","family":"Gounder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndumiso","family":"Mhlongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terisha","family":"Ghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Chuturgoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"4342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11515-011-1123-9","volume":"6","author":"AU Ahmed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ahmed AU (2011) An overview of inflammation: mechanism and consequences. 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The mice were housed in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines and the regulations set forth by the University of KwaZulu-Natal Animal Research Ethics Committee (Ethics approval number: AREC\/079\/016).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}