{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:48:07Z","timestamp":1782514087651,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006356","name":"Syddansk Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024075","name":"Region Syddanmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004196","name":"Odense Universitetshospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04381-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T18:44:09Z","timestamp":1777142649000},"page":"2747-2777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and development of autoimmunity in humans and animals: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Elise","family":"Holm-Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0357-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line Walther Lundb\u00e6k","family":"Siggaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine Dydensborg","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7033-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lasse","family":"\u00d8stengaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Husby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4381_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.12.020","volume":"22","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agrawal M, Midya V, Maroli A et al (2024) Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances exposure is associated with later occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 22(8):1728\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.12.020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4381_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114557","volume":"264","author":"R Aimuzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aimuzi R, Luo K, Huang R et al (2020) Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluroalkyl substances and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy. Environ Pollut 264:114557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114557","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4381_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"653","author":"J Alexander","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexander J, Au\u00f0unsson GA, Benford D et al (2008) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts. EFSA J 653:1\u2013131","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"4381_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.002","volume":"330","author":"C Ammitzboll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ammitzboll C, Bornsen L, Petersen ER et al (2019) Perfluorinated substances, risk factors for multiple sclerosis and cellular immune activation. J Neuroimmunol 330:90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.002","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4381_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03303-4","volume":"96","author":"E Antoniou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antoniou E, Colnot T, Zeegers M, Dekant W (2022) Immunomodulation and exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: an overview of the current evidence from animal and human studies. Arch Toxicol 96(8):2261\u20132285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03303-4","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"4381_CR6","unstructured":"ATSDR (2021) Toxicological profile for perfluoroalkyls. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profiles. Atlanta, Georgia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4381_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-024-00441-y","volume":"11","author":"AP Bline","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bline AP, DeWitt JC, Kwiatkowski CF, Pelch KE, Reade A, Varshavsky JR (2024) Public health risks of PFAS-related immunotoxicity are real. Curr Environ Health Rep 11(2):118\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00441-y","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"4381_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2016.08.009","volume":"3","author":"J Bodin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bodin J, Groeng E-C, Andreassen M, Dirven H, Nygaard UC (2016) Exposure to perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) accelerates insulitis development in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Toxicol Rep 3:664\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2016.08.009","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00494-5","volume":"4","author":"MR Boland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boland MR, Davidson LM, Canelon SP et al (2021) Harnessing electronic health records to study emerging environmental disasters: a proof of concept with perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). NPJ Digit Med 4(1):122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00494-5","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"4381_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104108","volume":"99","author":"EC Bonefeld-Jorgensen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Boesen SA, Wielsoe M et al (2023) Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Danish pregnant women: hormone levels and fetal growth indices. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 99:104108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104108","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4381_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2015.1122573","volume":"46","author":"ET Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang ET, Adami HO, Boffetta P, Wedner HJ, Mandel JS (2016) A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and immunological health conditions in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 46(4):279\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10408444.2015.1122573","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"10391","key":"4381_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","volume":"401","author":"N Conrad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY et al (2023) Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet 401(10391):1878\u20131890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"4381_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.001","volume":"30","author":"B Conway","year":"2016","unstructured":"Conway B, Innes KE, Long D (2016) Perfluoroalkyl substances and beta cell deficient diabetes. J Diabetes Complic 30(6):993\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.001","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complic"},{"key":"4381_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107420","volume":"167","author":"A Derakhshan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Derakhshan A, Kortenkamp A, Shu H et al (2022) Association of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances with thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy in the SELMA study. Environ Int 167:107420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107420","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4381_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107376","volume":"166","author":"GE Dinse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dinse GE, Co CA, Parks CG et al (2022) Expanded assessment of xenobiotic associations with antinuclear antibodies in the United States, 1988\u20132012. Environ Int 166:107376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107376","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4381_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108922","volume":"181","author":"P Dufour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dufour P, Pirard C, Petrossians P, Beckers A, Charlier C (2020) Association between mixture of persistent organic pollutants and thyroid pathologies in a Belgian population. Environ Res 181:108922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108922","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00958-5","volume":"22","author":"V Ehrlich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ehrlich V, Bil W, Vandebriel R et al (2023) Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environ Health 22(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-022-00958-5","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"4381_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2021.1961306","volume":"56","author":"F Fart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fart F, Salihovic S, McGlinchey A et al (2021) Perfluoroalkyl substances are increased in patients with late-onset ulcerative colitis and induce intestinal barrier defects ex vivo in murine intestinal tissue. Scand J Gastroenterol 56(11):1286\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365521.2021.1961306","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4381_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4890","volume":"40","author":"SE Fenton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fenton SE, Ducatman A, Boobis A et al (2021) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research. Environ Toxicol Chem 40(3):606\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.4890","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"4381_CR20","first-page":"S119","volume":"171","author":"T Fletcher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fletcher T, Leonardi G, Genser B, Luster M, Armstrong B (2010) Immune status in a community exposed to PFOA, results from cross sectional analyses [conference abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 171(11):S119","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4381_CR21","unstructured":"Fletcher T, Steenland K, Savitz D (2009) Status report: PFOA and immune biomarkers in adults exposed to PFOA in drinking water in the mid Ohio valley. C8 Science Panel"},{"key":"4381_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109439","volume":"186","author":"A Gaylord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaylord A, Trasande L, Kannan K et al (2020) Persistent organic pollutant exposure and celiac disease: a pilot study. Environ Res 186:109439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109439","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"4381_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106123","volume":"145","author":"B Gockener","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gockener B, Weber T, Rudel H, Bucking M, Kolossa-Gehring M (2020) Human biomonitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in German blood plasma samples from 1982 to 2019. Environ Int 145:106123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106123","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4381_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.1010185","volume":"4","author":"TC Guillette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guillette TC, Jackson TW, Guillette M, McCord J, Belcher SM (2022) Blood concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are associated with autoimmune-like effects in American alligators from Wilmington, North Carolina. Front Toxicol 4:1010185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2022.1010185","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"key":"4381_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124862","volume":"407","author":"H Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo H, Zhang H, Sheng N, Wang J, Chen J, Dai J (2021a) Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure induces splenic atrophy via overactivation of macrophages in male mice. J Hazard Mater 407:124862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124862","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4381_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129664","volume":"273","author":"J Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo J, Zhang J, Wang Z et al (2021b) Umbilical cord serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures in relation to thyroid function of newborns: findings from Sheyang mini birth cohort study. Chemosphere 273:129664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129664","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"7","key":"4381_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619852244","volume":"7","author":"T Hammer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hammer T, Lophaven SN, Nielsen KR et al (2019) Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases in a high-risk population: results from the Faroese IBD study. United Eur Gastroenterol J 7(7):924\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640619852244","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-023-01019-1","volume":"22","author":"Y He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y, Qu C, Tian J, Miszczyk J, Guan H, Huang R (2023) Association of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposures and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in China. Environ Health 22(1):78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-023-01019-1","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"4381_CR29","unstructured":"Hojnacki JW (2018) Associations between perfluoroalkyl substances and systemic lupus erythematosus in Gullah African Americans [Master\u2019s Thesis]. Dissertation, Emory University"},{"issue":"6","key":"4381_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.10.016","volume":"33","author":"Q Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu Q, Franklin JN, Bryan I, Morris E, Wood A, DeWitt JC (2012) Does developmental exposure to perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA) induce immunopathologies commonly observed in neurodevelopmental disorders? Neurotoxicology 33(6):1491\u20131498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.10.016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4381_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06269","volume":"58","author":"T Hyotylainen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hyotylainen T, Ghaffarzadegan T, Karthikeyan BS, Triplett E, Oresic M, Ludvigsson J (2024) Impact of environmental exposures on human breast milk lipidome in future immune-mediated diseases. Environ Sci Technol 58(5):2214\u20132223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.3c06269","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4381_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105139","volume":"133","author":"S Itoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Itoh S, Araki A, Miyashita C et al (2019) Association between perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and thyroid hormone\/thyroid antibody levels in maternal and cord blood: the Hokkaido study. Environ Int 133:105139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105139","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4381_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000329169","volume":"76","author":"L Iughetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Iughetti L, Guerranti C, Predieri B et al (2011) High levels of serum perfluorinated compounds in children with endocrine autoimmune disease [conference abstract]. Horm Res Paediatr 76:57","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR34","first-page":"113","volume":"22","author":"D Kamen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamen D, Peden-Adams MM, Vena JE et al (2013) Seafood consumption and persistent organic pollutants as triggers of autoimmunity among Gullah African Americans [conference abstract]. Lupus 22(1):113\u2013114","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"4","key":"4381_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00680-z","volume":"34","author":"BS Karthikeyan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karthikeyan BS, Hyotylainen T, Ghaffarzadegan T, Triplett E, Oresic M, Ludvigsson J (2024) Prenatal exposure to environmental contaminants and cord serum metabolite profiles in future immune-mediated diseases. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 34(4):647\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-024-00680-z","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"4381_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.037","volume":"147","author":"DH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim DH, Kim UJ, Kim HY, Choi SD, Oh JE (2016) Perfluoroalkyl substances in serum from South Korean infants with congenital hypothyroidism and healthy infants-its relationship with thyroid hormones. Environ Res 147:399\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.037","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4381_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42779","volume":"76","author":"CM Lanata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lanata CM, Taylor KE, Hurst-Hopf J et al (2024) Screening of environmental chemicals to characterize exposures in participants with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 76(6):905\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.42779","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"4381_CR38","volume-title":"PFAS health study component three: cross-sectional survey of self-reported physical and mental health outcomes and associations with blood serum PFAS","author":"N Lazarevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lazarevic N, Smurthwaite K, Trevenar S et al (2021) PFAS health study component three: cross-sectional survey of self-reported physical and mental health outcomes and associations with blood serum PFAS. The Australian National University, Canberra"},{"key":"4381_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43380","volume":"7","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Cheng Y, Xie Z, Zeng F (2017) Perfluorinated alkyl substances in serum of the southern Chinese general population and potential impact on thyroid hormones. Sci Rep 7:43380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep43380","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4381_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112222","volume":"207","author":"P Lochhead","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lochhead P, Khalili H, Ananthakrishnan AN et al (2022) Plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in women: a nested case control analysis in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study cohorts. Environ Res 207:112222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112222","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"4381_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105935","volume":"143","author":"A McGlinchey","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGlinchey A, Sinioja T, Lamichhane S et al (2020) Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances modulates neonatal serum phospholipids, increasing risk of type 1 diabetes. Environ Int 143:105935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105935","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"4381_CR42","first-page":"691","volume":"33","author":"K Midgett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Midgett K (2013) The role of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as a potential environmental trigger of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in an in utero mouse study [conference abstract]. J Clin Immunol 33(3):691","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"4381_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/1a14ad6c-en","volume-title":"Summary report on the new comprehensive global database of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). OECD series on risk management of chemicals","author":"OECD","year":"2018","unstructured":"OECD (2018) Summary report on the new comprehensive global database of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). OECD series on risk management of chemicals. OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/1a14ad6c-en"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu163","volume":"142","author":"CE Osuna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Osuna CE, Grandjean P, Weihe P, El-Fawal HA (2014) Autoantibodies associated with prenatal and childhood exposure to environmental chemicals in Faroese children. Toxicol Sci 142(1):158\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu163","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"4381_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4381_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H (2020) Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (eds) JBI Reviewer\u2019s manual. JBI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIMES-20-12","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-12"},{"issue":"12","key":"4381_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2009.0174","volume":"19","author":"B Pirali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pirali B, Negri S, Chytiris S et al (2009) Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in surgical thyroid specimens of patients with thyroid diseases. Thyroid 19(12):1407\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2009.0174","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"4381_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/234358","volume":"2015","author":"B Predieri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Predieri B, Iughetti L, Guerranti C, Bruzzi P, Perra G, Focardi SE (2015) High levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate in children at the onset of diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2015:234358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/234358","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4381_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2534","volume":"126","author":"EV Preston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Preston EV, Webster TF, Oken E et al (2018) Maternal plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in early pregnancy and maternal and neonatal thyroid function in a prospective birth cohort: Project Viva (USA). Environ Health Perspect 126(2):027013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP2534","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01073-3","volume":"23","author":"JC Qiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao JC, Li ZH, Ma YB et al (2024) Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their mixture with risk of rheumatoid arthritis in the U.S. adult population. Environ Health 23(1):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-024-01073-3","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"4381_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119505","volume":"307","author":"J Qu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qu J, Zhao Y, Zhang L et al (2022) Evaluated serum perfluoroalkyl acids and their relationships with the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the general population in Hangzhou, China. Environ Pollut 307:119505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119505","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4381_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070691","author":"KM Rappazzo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rappazzo KM, Coffman E, Hines EP (2017) Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances and health outcomes in children: a systematic review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14070691","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4381_CR53","unstructured":"Rooney A, Blystone C, Boyles A et al (2016) National toxicology program monograph: immunotoxicity associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid or perfluorooctane sulfonate. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"},{"issue":"9","key":"4381_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90244-F","volume":"14","author":"NR Rose","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rose NR, Bona C (1993) Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky\u2019s postulates revisited). Immunol Today 14(9):426\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90244-F","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"4381_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115969","volume":"229","author":"B Rudzanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudzanova B, Vlaanderen J, Kalina J et al (2023) Impact of PFAS exposure on prevalence of immune-mediated diseases in adults in the Czech Republic. Environ Res 229:115969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115969","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4381_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3659-6","volume":"26","author":"HM Salo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salo HM, Koponen J, Kiviranta H et al (2019) No evidence of the role of early chemical exposure in the development of beta-cell autoimmunity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(2):1370\u20131378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-018-3659-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4381_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6223","volume":"18","author":"D Schrenk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L et al (2020) Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 18(9):e06223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6223","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"4381_CR58","first-page":"S435","volume":"8","author":"V Shakhnovich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shakhnovich V, Kumar A, Vyhlidal C, Williams V, Funk R (2022) Identification of plasma metabolomic biomarkers of Crohn\u2019s disease in children [conference abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 8:S435\u2013S436","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"4381_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109864","volume":"188","author":"L Sinisalu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinisalu L, Sen P, Salihovic S et al (2020) Early-life exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances modulates lipid metabolism in progression to celiac disease. Environ Res 188:109864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109864","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"4381_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s5661","volume":"107","author":"DA Smith","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smith DA, Germolec DR (1999) Introduction to immunology and autoimmunity. Environ Health Perspect 107(Suppl 5):661\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.99107s5661","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"4381_CR61","volume-title":"PFAS health study component two: blood serum study of PFAS exposure, related risk factors and biochemical markers of health","author":"K Smurthwaite","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smurthwaite K, Lazarevic N, Br\u00e4unig J et al (2021) PFAS health study component two: blood serum study of PFAS exposure, related risk factors and biochemical markers of health. The Australian National University, Canberra"},{"issue":"8","key":"4381_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206449","volume":"121","author":"K Steenland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A, Parks C (2013) Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the Mid-Ohio Valley. Environ Health Perspect 121(8):900\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1206449","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"4381_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102364","volume":"72","author":"K Steenland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A (2015) A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Occup Environ Med 72(5):373\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2014-102364","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"4381_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.007","volume":"165","author":"K Steenland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steenland K, Kugathasan S, Barr DB (2018) PFOA and ulcerative colitis. Environ Res 165:317\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.007","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR65","first-page":"32","volume":"6","author":"T Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas T, Malek A, Arokianathar J, Haddad E, Matthew J (2023) Global regulations around PFAS: the past, the present and the future. Int Chem Regul Law Rev 6(1):32","journal-title":"Int Chem Regul Law Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"4381_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W et al (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4381_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08160","volume":"7","author":"H von Holst","year":"2021","unstructured":"von Holst H, Nayak P, Dembek Z et al (2021) Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and immunity, allergic response, infection, and asthma in children: review of epidemiologic studies. Heliyon 7(10):e08160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08160","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"5","key":"4381_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1871","volume":"6","author":"DI Walker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walker DI, Juran BD, Cheung AC et al (2022) High-resolution exposomics and metabolomics reveals specific associations in cholestatic liver diseases. Hepatol Commun 6(5):965\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep4.1871","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"4381_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.06.012","volume":"133","author":"GM Webster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Webster GM, Venners SA, Mattman A, Martin JW (2014) Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs) and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Environ Res 133:338\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2014.06.012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4381_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409589","volume":"124","author":"GM Webster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Webster GM, Rauch SA, Marie NS, Mattman A, Lanphear BP, Venners SA (2016) Cross-sectional associations of serum perfluoroalkyl acids and thyroid hormones in US adults: variation according to TPOAb and iodine status (NHANES 2007\u20132008). Environ Health Perspect 124(7):935\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409589","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"4381_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.691326","volume":"12","author":"Q Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia Q, Liu J, Xu X et al (2021) Identification of novel environmental substances relevant to pediatric Graves\u2019 disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:691326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.691326","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4381_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108923","volume":"181","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Li Y, Scott K et al (2020) Inflammatory bowel disease and biomarkers of gut inflammation and permeability in a community with high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through drinking water. Environ Res 181:108923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108923","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"4381_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123513","volume":"346","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Mustieles V, Korevaar TIM et al (2024) Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid function biomarkers among females attending a fertility clinic. Environ Pollut 346:123513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123513","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4381_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Mustieles V, Martin L et al (2023) Serum concentrations of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid function biomarkers among females presenting to a fertility clinic [conference abstract]. ISEE Conference Abstracts","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2023.EP-150"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-022-00483-7","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Jin H, Qu J et al (2022a) The influences of perfluoroalkyl substances on the rheumatoid arthritis clinic. BMC Immunol 23(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12865-022-00483-7","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"4381_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134338","volume":"298","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Liu W, Qu J et al (2022b) Per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in human serum and their associations with immune markers of rheumatoid arthritis. Chemosphere 298:134338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134338","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04381-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04381-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04381-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:19:59Z","timestamp":1782512399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04381-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04381-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no relevant financial or non-financial conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}