{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:51:17Z","timestamp":1791823877337,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04392-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:14:23Z","timestamp":1779110063000},"page":"3841-3855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Micro- and nanoplastics in human biological materials: a systematic review of detection methods and methodological challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8307-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Dmitrowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6309-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Sacharczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Skiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4392_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6348","volume":"71","author":"S Adhikari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adhikari S, Kelkar V, Kumar R, Halden RU (2022) Methods and challenges in the detection of microplastics and nanoplastics: a mini\u2010review. Polym Int 71(5):543\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pi.6348","journal-title":"Polym Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4392_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2440018","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.40018","volume":"7","author":"LF Amato-Louren\u00e7o","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amato-Louren\u00e7o LF, DantasJ\u00faniorRibeiro KCG, Paes VR, Ando RA, De Oliveira Freitas R, Da Costa OMMM et al (2024) Microplastics in the olfactory bulb of the human brain. JAMA Netw Open 7(9):e2440018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.40018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"4392_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030","volume":"62","author":"AL Andrady","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1596\u20131605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"issue":"10","key":"4392_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101623","volume":"4","author":"J Ao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ao J, Xu G, Wu H, Xie L, Liu J, Gong K, Ruan X et al (2023) Fast detection and 3D imaging of nanoplastics and microplastics by Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy. Cell Rep Phys Sci 4(10):101623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101623","journal-title":"Cell Rep Phys Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4392_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.6043","volume":"55","author":"B Arslan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arslan B, \u0130Slamo\u011flu Y, Ber\u00e7i\u0307N AS, Akbulut S, Meli\u0307Ko\u011flu M (2025) Detection and quantification of microplastics in cerumen. Turk J Med Sci 55(4):904\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55730\/1300-0144.6043","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"4392_CR6","unstructured":"Arthur C, Baker J, Bamford H, Eds (2009) Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris. Sept 9\u221211, 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30, 2009. http:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/2509 Accessed 12 December 2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"4392_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070921","volume":"13","author":"T Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun T, Ehrlich L, Henrich W, Koeppel S, Lomako I, Schwabl P, Liebmann B (2021) Detection of microplastic in human placenta and meconium in a clinical setting. Pharmaceutics 13(7):921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070921","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4392_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.5630030412","volume":"3","author":"MA Browne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Browne MA, Galloway T, Thompson R (2007) Microplastic - an emerging contaminant of potential concern? IEAM 3(4):559\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.5630030412","journal-title":"IEAM"},{"key":"4392_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2025.101031","author":"Z Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao Z, Lu Y, Yang Q, Luo A, Gou S, Zhou L, Li H, Wang Y, Ding T (2025) Mapping the Hidden journey of microplastics: multi-organ deposition patterns and organ-specific health risks revealed by AI-driven analysis. Innov. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2025.101031","journal-title":"Innov"},{"issue":"2","key":"4392_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01560-4","volume":"21","author":"M Cetin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cetin M, Miloglu FD, Baygutalp NK, Ceylan O, Yildirim S, Eser G, Gul HI (2023) Higher number of microplastics in tumoral colon tissues from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Environ Chem Lett 21(2):639\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10311-022-01560-4","journal-title":"Environ Chem Lett"},{"issue":"24","key":"4392_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14625","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04099","volume":"49","author":"M Cole","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cole M, Galloway TS (2015) Ingestion of nanoplastics and microplastics by Pacific oyster larvae. Environ Sci Technol 49(24):14625\u201314632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b04099","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"28","key":"4392_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314705111","volume":"111","author":"A C\u00f3zar","year":"2014","unstructured":"C\u00f3zar A, Echevarr\u00eda F, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gordillo JI, Irigoien X, \u00dabeda B, Hern\u00e1ndez-Le\u00f3n S, Palma \u00c1T et al (2014) Plastic debris in the Open Ocean. PNAS 111(28):10239\u201310244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1314705111","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"4392_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109743","volume":"203","author":"C Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cui C, Guo Z, Liu Y, Han N, Song J, Chen Y, Zheng Y et al (2025) Tissue-specific distribution of microplastics in human blood and carotid plaques: a paired sample analysis. Environ Int 203:109743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109743","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4392_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113658","volume":"258","author":"H Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng H, Wei R, Luo W, Hu L, Li B, Di YN, Shi H (2020) Microplastic pollution in water and sediment in a textile industrial area. Environ Pollut 258:113658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113658","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"10","key":"4392_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04092-2","volume":"99","author":"E Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski E, Blicharz-Grabias E, Komaniecka I, Panek R, Forma A, Gawlik PJ, Pu\u017aniak D et al (2025) Post-mortem evidence of microplastic bioaccumulation in human organs: insights from advanced imaging and spectroscopic analysis. Arch Toxicol 99(10):4051\u20134066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-025-04092-2","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"4392_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (2016) Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood. EFSA Journal, 14:4501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4501","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4501"},{"key":"4392_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.074","volume":"231","author":"AM Elert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elert AM, Becker R, Duemichen E, Eisentraut P, Falkenhagen J, Sturm H, Braun U (2017) Comparison of different methods for MP detection: what can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurements matters? Environ Pollut 231:1256\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.074","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4392_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6166886\/v1","author":"A Erdely","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erdely A, Kodali V, Garcia MA, Bunker K, Li L, Marquis J, Levine A et al (2025) Morphological and chemical characterization of nanoplastics in human tissue. Res Square. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6166886\/v1","journal-title":"Res Square"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4392_CR59.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2011) Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4392_CR59.2","unstructured":"(EU) No 10\/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food (consolidated version, 2025). Official Journal of the European Union, L 12:1-89. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2011\/10\/oj"},{"key":"4392_CR17","unstructured":"EU Commision. Plastic waste: ecological and human health impacts. Science for environment policy, Europe (2011) https:\/\/backend.orbit.dtu.dk\/ws\/files\/106390042\/ASLO_Hartmann_et_al_nanoplastics_Final_clean.pdf Accessed 30 November 2025"},{"key":"4392_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135371","volume":"718","author":"L Fok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fok L, Wing Ling Lam T, Li HX, Xu XR (2020) A meta-analysis of methodologies adopted by microplastic studies in China. Sci Total Environ 718:135371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135371","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4392_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae021","volume":"199","author":"MA Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia MA, Liu R, Nihart A, El Hayek E, Castillo E, Barrozo ER, Suter MS et al (2024) Quantitation and identification of microplastics accumulation in human placental specimens using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Toxicol Sci 199(1):81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae021","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"4392_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.024","volume":"235","author":"J Gigault","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gigault J, Ter Halle A, Baudrimont M, Pascal PY, Gauffre F, Phi TL, El Hadri H, Grassl B, Reynaud S (2018) Current opinion: what is a nanoplastic? Environ Pollut 235:1030\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4392_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gregory MR., Andrady AL (2003) Plastics in the marine environment. In Plastics and the Environment. Wiley, 379\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471721557.ch10","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721557.ch10"},{"key":"4392_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140301","volume":"343","author":"J Halfar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Halfar J, \u010cabanov\u00e1 K, V\u00e1vra K, Delongov\u00e1 P, Motyka O, \u0160pa\u010dek R, Kukutschov\u00e1 J, \u0160imetka O, Hevi\u00e1nkov\u00e1 S (2023) Microplastics and additives in patients with preterm birth: the first evidence of their presence in both human amniotic fluid and placenta. Chemosphere 343:140301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140301","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"4392_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","volume":"50","author":"NB Hartmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartmann NB, H\u00fcffer T, Thompson RC, Hassell\u00f6v M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP (2016) Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. Environ Sci Technol 50(3):1039\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4392_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","volume":"53","author":"NB Hartmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hartmann NB, Huffer T, Thompson RC, Hassell\u00f6v M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP (2019) Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. Environ Sci Technol 53:1039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4392_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104147","volume":"82","author":"T Horvatits","year":"2022","unstructured":"Horvatits T, Tamminga M, Liu B, Sebode M, Carambi A, Fischer L, P\u00fcschel K, Huber S, Fischer EK (2022) Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue. EBioMedicine 82:104147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104147","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"4392_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.07.017","volume":"218","author":"HK Imhof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imhof HK, Laforsch C (2016) Hazardous or not \u2013 are adult and juvenile individuals of Potamopyrgus antipodarum affected by non-buoyant microplastic particles? Environ Pollut 218:383\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.07.017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4392_CR25","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. ISO\/TR 21960:2020: Plastics - environmental aspects - state of knowledge and methodologies. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/72300.html Accessed 24 November 2025"},{"issue":"19","key":"4392_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00178","volume":"121","author":"NP Ivleva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivleva NP (2021) Chemical analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics: challenges, advanced methods, and perspectives. Chem Rev 121(19):11886\u201311936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00178","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4392_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.733","volume":"31","author":"SJ Klaine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klaine SJ, Koelmans AA, Horne N, Carley S, Handy RD, Kapustka L, Nowack B, Von Der Kammer F (2012) Paradigms to assess the environmental impact of manufactured nanomaterials. Environ Toxicol Chem 31(1):3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.733","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"4392_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3_12","volume-title":"Marine anthropogenic litter","author":"AA Koelmans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koelmans AA, Besseling E, Shim WJ (2015) Nanoplastics in the aquatic environment. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham, pp 329\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3_12"},{"issue":"30","key":"4392_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27159","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c00918","volume":"19","author":"F Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong F, Fang L, Gui Y, Lan H, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Zhang S, Tong X (2025) Polyethylene and Polyvinyl Chloride nanoplastics in human follicular fluid and seminal plasma: impact on fertilization and sperm quality. ACS Nano 19(30):27159\u201327172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.5c00918","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4392_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.08.013","volume":"77","author":"J Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee J, Hong S, Kyung Song Y, Hong SH, Jang YC, Jang M, Won Heo N et al (2013) Relationships among the abundances of plastic debris in different size classes on beaches in South Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 77(1\u20132):349\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.08.013","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"4392_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107199","volume":"163","author":"HA Leslie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leslie HA, Van Velzen MJM, Brandsma SH, Vethaak AD, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Lamoree MH (2022) Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environ Int 163:107199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107199","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"4392_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309822","volume":"390","author":"R Marfella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marfella R, Prattichizzo F, Sardu C, Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, Spadoni T, D\u2019Onofrio N et al (2024) Microplastics and nanoplastics in atheromas and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 390(10):900\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2309822","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4392_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636640","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2021.636640","volume":"3","author":"S Mariano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mariano S, Tacconi S, Fidaleo M, Rossi M, Dini L (2021) Micro and nanoplastics identification: classic methods and innovative detection techniques. Front Toxicol 3:636640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2021.636640","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"key":"4392_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108444","volume":"184","author":"S Massardo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massardo S, Verzola D, Alberti S, Caboni C, Santostefano M, Verrina EE, Angeletti A et al (2024) MicroRaman spectroscopy detects the presence of microplastics in human urine and kidney tissue. Environ Int 184:108444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108444","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4392_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvssci.2025.100393","volume":"6","author":"PL Massie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Massie PL, Garcia MA, Gallego D, Schlosser C, Decker A, Liu R, MazloumiBakhshayesh M et al (2025) Micro- and nanoplastics are elevated in femoral atherosclerotic plaques compared with undiseased arteries. JVS-VS 6:100393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvssci.2025.100393","journal-title":"JVS-VS"},{"key":"4392_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165922","volume":"901","author":"L Montano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montano L, Giorgini E, Notarstefano V, Notari T, Ricciardi M, Piscopo M, Motta O (2023) Raman microspectroscopy evidence of microplastics in human semen. Sci Total Environ 901:165922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165922","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4392_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15989","volume":"28","author":"V Nava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nava V, Matias MG, Castillo-Escriv\u00e0 A, Messyasz B, Leoni B (2022) Microalgae colonization of different microplastic polymers in experimental mesocosms across an environmental gradient. Glob Change Biol 28(4):1402\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.15989","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"4392_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117796","volume":"291","author":"D Ni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ni D, Yu K, Yan N, Chen X, Xie Q, Yang Y, Jiang W et al (2025) Characterization of microplastics in human follicular fluid and assessment of their potential impact on mouse oocyte maturation in vitro. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 291:117796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117796","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"4392_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03453-1","volume":"31","author":"AJ Nihart","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nihart AJ, Garcia MA, Hayek EE, Liu R, Olewine M, Kingston JD, Castillo EF et al (2025) Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains. Nat Med 31(4):1367\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03453-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4392_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20241298","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202520241298","volume":"97","author":"CWL Oliveira","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oliveira CWL, Oliveira LFAM, Garcia J, Weingrill RB, Urschitz J, Souza ST, Fonseca EJS, Ospina-Prieto S, Borbely AU (2025) First evidence of microplastic accumulation in placentas and umbilical cords from pregnancies in Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 97(Suppl 3):e20241298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765202520241298","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4392_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11010040","volume":"11","author":"C Pironti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pironti C, Notarstefano V, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Giorgini E, Montano L (2022) First evidence of microplastics in human urine, a preliminary study of intake in the human body. Toxics 11(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11010040","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"4392_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","volume":"146","author":"A Ragusa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Papa F et al (2021) Plasticenta: first evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environ Int 146:106274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"18","key":"4392_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11593","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811593","volume":"19","author":"A Ragusa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ragusa A, Matta M, Cristiano L, Matassa R, Battaglione E, Svelato A, De Luca C et al (2022a) Deeply in Plasticenta: presence of microplastics in the intracellular compartment of human placentas. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(18):11593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811593","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"4392_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132700","volume":"14","author":"A Ragusa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ragusa A, Notarstefano V, Svelato A, Belloni A, Gioacchini G, Blondeel C, Zucchelli E et al (2022b) Raman microspectroscopy detection and characterisation of microplastics in human breastmilk. Polymers Basel 14(13):2700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14132700","journal-title":"Polymers Basel"},{"issue":"18","key":"4392_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10759","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03909","volume":"49","author":"CM Rochman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rochman CM, Kross SM, Armstrong JB, Bogan MT, Darling ES, Green SJ, Smyth AR, Ver\u00edssimo D (2015) Scientific evidence supports a ban on microbeads. Environ Sci Technol 49(18):10759\u201310761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b03909","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4392_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280594","volume":"18","author":"JM Rotchell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rotchell JM, Jenner LC, Chapman E, Bennett RT, Bolanle IO, Loubani M, Sadofsky L, Hobkirk J, Palmer TM (2023) Detection of microplastics in human saphenous vein tissue using \u03bcFTIR: a pilot study. PLoS ONE 18(2):e0280594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280594","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4392_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116208","volume":"274","author":"JM Rotchell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rotchell JM, Austin C, Chapman E, Atherall CA, Liddle CR, Dunstan TS, Blackburn B et al (2024) Microplastics in human urine: characterisation using \u03bcFTIR and sampling challenges using healthy donors and endometriosis participants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 274:116208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116208","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1526","key":"4392_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0207","volume":"364","author":"PG van Ryan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryan PG, Moore CJ, van Franeker JA, Moloney CL (2009) Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 364(1526):1999\u20132012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2008.0207","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"4392_CR46","unstructured":"State Water Resources Control Board. Resolution NO. 2020\u20130021. Adoption of definition of \u2018microplastics in drinking water\u2019 2021. https:\/\/www.waterboards.ca.gov\/board_decisions\/adopted_orders\/resolutions\/2020\/rs2020_0021.pdf Accessed 24 November 2025"},{"issue":"5672","key":"4392_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559","volume":"304","author":"RC Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D, Russell AE (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science 304(5672):838\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1094559","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4392_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139728","volume":"497","author":"T Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang T, Li N, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Lin L, Ding Y, Feng R et al (2025a) Microplastic contamination in kidney transplant donor tissues and its association with early post-transplant blood pressure changes in recipients: a multi-modal analytical study. J Hazard Mater 497:139728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139728","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4392_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137635","volume":"489","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Kang H, Huang X, Liu Y, He Y, Jie Y (2025b) Identification of microplastics in human tear fluid and meibum: Implications for dry eye disease pathogenesis. J Hazard Mater 489:137635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137635","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4392_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108220","volume":"180","author":"RB Weingrill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weingrill RB, Lee MJ, Benny P, Riel J, Saiki K, Garcia J, Oliveira LFAdM et al (2023) Temporal trends in microplastic accumulation in placentas from pregnancies in Hawai\u02bbi. Environ Int 180:108220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108220","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4392_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2018.100014","volume":"2","author":"S Wolff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolff S, Kerpen J, Prediger J, Barkmann L, M\u00fcller L (2019) Determination of the microplastics emission in the effluent of a municipal waste water treatment plant using Raman microspectroscopy. Water Res X 2:100014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wroa.2018.100014","journal-title":"Water Res X"},{"key":"4392_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105984","volume":"121","author":"SL Wright","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wright SL, Gwinnett C, Mudway IS, Ishikawa Y, Blake H, Kinross JM, Kelly FJ, Salisbury J (2025) A new screening framework to support the identification of exogenous particles and suspect microplastics in situ in pathological tissue samples. EBioMedicine 121:105984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105984","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"4392_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.05.036","volume":"145","author":"X Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu X, Wang S, Gao F, Li J, Zheng L, Sun C, He C, Wang Z, Qu L (2019) Marine microplastic-associated bacterial community succession in response to geography, exposure time, and plastic type in China\u2019s coastal seawaters. Mar Pollut Bull 145:278\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.05.036","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"4392_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135271","volume":"477","author":"X Yun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yun X, Liang L, Tian J, Li N, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Duan S, Zhang L (2024) Raman-guided exploration of placental microplastic exposure: Unraveling the polymeric tapestry and assessing developmental implications. J Hazard Mater 477:135271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135271","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"3","key":"4392_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112078","volume":"28","author":"K Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang K, Yu L, Qu L, Hui N, Chen L, Wang J, Yan H (2025a) Identifying and analyzing the microplastics in human aqueous humor by pyrolysis-gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry. iScience 28(3):112078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112078","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"4392_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119056","volume":"304","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li L, Zhang Y, Liu B, Wang X, Sun L (2025b) Placental microplastics contamination and its impact on thyroid function in newborns. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 304:119056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119056","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"4392_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116818","volume":"283","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao J, Zhang H, Shi L, Jia Y, Sheng H (2024) Detection and quantification of microplastics in various types of human tumor tissues. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 283:116818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116818","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"4392_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2024.100555","volume":"17","author":"RE Zurub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zurub RE, Bainbridge S, Rahman L, Halappanavar S, El-Cha\u00e2r D, Wade MG (2024) Particulate contamination of human placenta: Plastic and non-plastic. Environ Adv 17:100555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envadv.2024.100555","journal-title":"Environ Adv"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04392-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04392-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04392-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T09:31:51Z","timestamp":1786267911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04392-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04392-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and animal rights","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}