{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:38:27Z","timestamp":1792600707105,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04407-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T18:44:07Z","timestamp":1777142647000},"page":"2869-2884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fatal intoxications with nitazenes: postmortem findings, toxicology, and in vitro characterization at the \u03bc-opioid receptor of six nitazene analogues"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Truver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8873-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munchelou M.","family":"Gomonit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8015-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Gr\u00e9en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kronstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattias","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052267","volume":"15","author":"M Akbaba","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akbaba M, Isir AB (2025) The development of a highly sensitive liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) method for the validation of flualprazolam and isotonitazene in serum. Appl Sci 15:2267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15052267","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"4407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01486702","volume":"36","author":"G Bromig","year":"1958","unstructured":"Bromig G (1958) \u00dcber neue starkwirkende Analgetika und ihre klinische Erprobung. Klin Wochenschr 36:960\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01486702","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"4407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae017","volume":"48","author":"G Cieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cieri G, Mohr ALA, Mastrovito R, Logan BK (2024) Evaluating cross-reactivity of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in human whole blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). J Anal Toxicol 48:191\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkae017","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03774-7","volume":"98","author":"LM De Vrieze","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Vrieze LM, Walton SE, Pottie E et al (2024) In vitro structure\u2013activity relationships and forensic case series of emerging 2-benzylbenzimidazole \u2018nitazene\u2019 opioids. Arch Toxicol 98:2999\u20133018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03774-7","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.047","volume":"168","author":"H Druid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Druid H, Strandberg JJ, Alkass K et al (2007) Evaluation of the role of abstinence in heroin overdose deaths using segmental hair analysis. Forensic Sci Int 168:223\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.047","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"4407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199309000-00012","volume":"14","author":"OH Drummer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Drummer OH, Syrjanen ML, Cordner SM (1993) Deaths involving the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 14:238\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199309000-00012","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"4407_CR7","volume-title":"European drug report 2025","author":"European Union Drugs Agency","year":"2025","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency (2025) European drug report 2025. Publications Office, LU"},{"key":"4407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06451-2","volume":"240","author":"GC Glatfelter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Glatfelter GC, Vandeputte MM, Chen L et al (2023) Alkoxy chain length governs the potency of 2-benzylbenzimidazole \u2018nitazene\u2019 opioids associated with human overdose. Psychopharmacology 240:2573\u20132584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-023-06451-2","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02161117","volume":"13","author":"F Gross","year":"1957","unstructured":"Gross F, Turrian H (1957) \u00dcber Benzimidazolderivate mit starker analgetischer Wirkung. Experientia 13:401\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02161117","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"4407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19600430323","volume":"43","author":"A Hunger","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hunger A, Kebrle J, Rossi A, Hoffmann K (1960a) Benzimidazol-derivate und verwandte heterocyclen. II. Synthese von 1-aminoalkyl-2-benzyl-benzimidazolen. Helv Chim Acta 43:800\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hlca.19600430323","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"4407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19600430412","volume":"43","author":"A Hunger","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hunger A, Kebrle J, Rossi A, Hoffmann K (1960b) Benzimidazol-derivate und verwandte heterocyclen III. Synthese von 1-aminoalkyl-2-nenzyl-nitro-benzimidazolen. Helv Chim Acta 43:1032\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hlca.19600430412","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"4407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3415","volume":"15","author":"T Kanamori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanamori T, Okada Y, Segawa H et al (2023) Analysis of highly potent synthetic opioid nitazene analogs and their positional isomers. Drug Test Anal 15:449\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3415","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"4407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.123.002052","volume":"389","author":"LB Kozell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kozell LB, Eshleman AJ, Wolfrum KM et al (2024) Pharmacologic characterization of substituted nitazenes at \u03bc, \u03ba, and \u0394 opioid receptors suggests high potential for toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 389:219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.123.002052","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"4407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa016","volume":"44","author":"AJ Krotulski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krotulski AJ, Papsun DM, Kacinko SL, Logan BK (2020) Isotonitazene quantitation and metabolite discovery in authentic forensic casework. J Anal Toxicol 44:521\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaa016","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3115","volume":"13","author":"AJ Krotulski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krotulski AJ, Papsun DM, Walton SE, Logan BK (2021) Metonitazene in the United States\u2014forensic toxicology assessment of a potent new synthetic opioid using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 13:1697\u20131711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3115","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"4407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae098","volume":"49","author":"AJ Krotulski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Krotulski AJ, Mata DC, Smith CR et al (2025) Advances in analytical methodologies for detecting novel psychoactive substances: a review. J Anal Toxicol 49:152\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkae098","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116453","volume":"251","author":"MC Monti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Monti MC, De Vrieze LM, Vandeputte MM et al (2024) Detection of N-desethyl etonitazene in a drug checking sample: chemical analysis and pharmacological characterization of a recent member of the 2-benzylbenzimidazole \u201cnitazene\u201d class. J Pharm Biomed Anal 251:116453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116453","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"4407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686","volume":"320","author":"F Mueller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mueller F, Bogdal C, Pfeiffer B et al (2021) Isotonitazene: fatal intoxication in three cases involving this unreported novel psychoactive substance in Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int 320:110686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"4407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad062","volume":"47","author":"J Pardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pardi J, Ford S, Cooper G (2023) Validation of an analytical method for quantitation of metonitazene and isotonitazene in plasma, blood, urine, liver and brain and application to authentic postmortem casework in New York City. J Anal Toxicol 47:648\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkad062","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae076","volume":"48","author":"C Parks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parks C, Maskell PD, McKeown DA, Couchman L (2024) Identification of 5-aminometonitazene and 5-acetamidometonitazene in a postmortem case: Are nitro-nitazenes unstable? J Anal Toxicol 48:691\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkae076","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.021","volume":"165","author":"FT Peters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peters FT, Drummer OH, Musshoff F (2007) Validation of new methods. Forensic Sci Int 165:216\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"4407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6798-0","volume":"405","author":"M Roman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roman M, Str\u00f6m L, Tell H, Josefsson M (2013) Liquid chromatography\/time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of postmortem blood samples for targeted toxicological screening. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:4107\u20134125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-013-6798-0","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"4407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac062","volume":"47","author":"JL Schumann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schumann JL, Syrjanen R, Alford K et al (2023) Intoxications in an Australian emergency department involving \u2018Nitazene\u2019 benzylbenzimidazole synthetic opioids (Etodesnitazene, Butonitazene and Protonitazene). J Anal Toxicol 47:e6\u2013e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkac062","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00037","volume":"12","author":"I Ujv\u00e1ry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ujv\u00e1ry I, Christie R, Evans-Brown M et al (2021) DARK classics in chemical neuroscience: etonitazene and related benzimidazoles. ACS Chem Neurosci 12:1072\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00037","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"4407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110470","volume":"275","author":"MM Vandeputte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vandeputte MM, Stove CP (2025) Navigating nitazenes: a pharmacological and toxicological overview of new synthetic opioids with a 2-benzylbenzimidazole core. Neuropharmacology 275:110470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110470","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"4407_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00064","volume":"12","author":"MM Vandeputte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vandeputte MM, Van Uytfanghe K, Layle NK et al (2021) Synthesis, chemical characterization, and \u03bc-opioid receptor activity assessment of the emerging group of \u201cNitazene\u201d 2-benzylbenzimidazole synthetic opioids. ACS Chem Neurosci 12:1241\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00064","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"4407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03276-4","volume":"96","author":"MM Vandeputte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vandeputte MM, Krotulski AJ, Walther D et al (2022) Pharmacological evaluation and forensic case series of N-pyrrolidino etonitazene (etonitazepyne), a newly emerging 2-benzylbenzimidazole \u2018nitazene\u2019 synthetic opioid. Arch Toxicol 96:1845\u20131863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-022-03276-4","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107503","volume":"210","author":"MM Vandeputte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vandeputte MM, Glatfelter GC, Walther D et al (2024) Characterization of novel nitazene recreational drugs: insights into their risk potential from in vitro \u00b5-opioid receptor assays and in vivo behavioral studies in mice. Pharmacol Res 210:107503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107503","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"4407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab117","volume":"46","author":"SE Walton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walton SE, Krotulski AJ, Logan BK (2022) A forward-thinking approach to addressing the new synthetic opioid 2-benzylbenzimidazole nitazene analogs by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC\u2013QQQ-MS). J Anal Toxicol 46:221\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkab117","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"4407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf070","author":"R Wood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wood R, Moore R (2025) Supporting evidence for 5-acetamido-N-desethylmetonitazene as a potential metabolite rather than a degradation product. J Anal Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaf070","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04407-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04407-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04407-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:19:58Z","timestamp":1782512398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04407-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04407-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}