{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:12:20Z","timestamp":1792537940335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fiber morphology (length\u2009&gt;\u20095\u00a0\u03bcm; respirable diameter\u2009&lt;\u20093\u00a0\u03bcm) and biopersistence have been linked to their potential to cause fibrosis, lung cancer, and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Among the mechanisms involved, frustrated phagocytosis occurs when macrophages attempt but fail to fully internalize and clear long rigid fibers. Although nanofibers could meet these criteria and trigger frustrated phagocytosis, their small diameters may enable them to entangle, causing them to lose their fiber-like morphology and affecting their toxicological potential. The toxicological assessment of (nano)fibers relies on animal studies; therefore, there is an urgent need to establish in vitro alternatives. Carbon nanotubes, the most commercially prevalent class of nanofibers, have been extensively investigated, and some have demonstrated pathogenic potential, by causing inflammation initiated by cathepsin B translocation from the lysosomes into the cytosol. Independent studies have indicated that only long and rigid carbon nanofibers lead to a decrease of lysosomal enzymes (including multiple cathepsins) inside macrophages and increased levels in the extracellular environment. Thus, different roles for cathepsin B have been proposed in response to nanofiber exposure. To reconcile these observations, this review examines the underlying mechanisms by assessing in vitro studies, particularly how in vitro macrophages respond to carbon-based nanomaterials of distinct morphologies, discusses the limitations of current in vitro models, and evaluates potential approaches for assessing nanofiber toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04503-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:35:57Z","timestamp":1784036157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Involvement of lysosomal proteins in morphology-driven toxicity of (nano)fibers"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Rico","family":"Ledwith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ribalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Pink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5091-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica I.","family":"Dumit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR1","first-page":"261","volume":"122","author":"IY Adamson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Adamson IY, Bowden DH (1986) Crocidolite-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Cytokinetic and biochemical studies. Am J Pathol 122(2):261\u2013267","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2018.1465139","volume":"12","author":"YJ Arnoldussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arnoldussen YJ, Skaug V, Aleksandersen M et al (2018) Inflammation in the pleural cavity following injection of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is dependent on their characteristics and the presence of IL-1 genes. Nanotoxicology 12(6):522\u2013538","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"4503_CR3","unstructured":"BAuA (2021) Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling Multi-Walled Carbon Tubes (synthetic graphite in tubular shape) with a geometric tube diameter range\u2009\u2265\u200930 nm to <\u20093 \u00b5m and a length\u2009\u2265\u20095 \u00b5m and aspect ratio\u2009\u2265\u20093:1, including Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, MWC(N)T. European Chemical Agency (ECHA).(2.0):1\u2013111"},{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.28.2.179","volume":"28","author":"E Beck","year":"1971","unstructured":"Beck E, Holt P, Nasrallah E (1971) Effects of chrysotile and acid-treated chrysotile on macrophage cultures. Occup Environ Med 28(2):179\u2013185","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR5","first-page":"809","volume":"11","author":"K Bhattacharya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhattacharya K, Kili\u00e7 G, Costa PM, Fadeel B (2017) Cytotoxicity screening and cytokine profiling of nineteen nanomaterials enables hazard ranking and grouping based on inflammogenic potential. Nanotoxicology 11(6):809\u2013826","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"50","key":"4503_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.310","volume":"27","author":"P Boya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boya P, Kroemer G (2008) Lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cell death. Oncogene 27(50):6434\u20136451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2008.310","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.06.012","volume":"29","author":"MSP Boyles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boyles MSP, Young L, Brown DM et al (2015) Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicol In Vitro 29(7):1513\u20131528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.06.012","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"4503_CR8","unstructured":"Brahmendra A (2015) Study on the phagocytosis of asbestos fibers and the mechanisms for its frustrated phagocytosis in macrophages. University of Toronto (Canada)"},{"key":"4503_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.803521","volume":"35","author":"JD Brain","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brain JD (1980) Macrophage damage in relation to the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Environ Health Perspect 35:21\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.803521","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2010.1117","volume":"6","author":"DM Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown DM, Donaldson K, Stone V (2010) Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of antioxidant defence genes in THP-1 cells exposed to carbon nanotubes. J Biomed Nanotechnol 6(3):224\u2013233","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"},{"key":"4503_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.749253","volume":"9","author":"J Bruch","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bruch J (1974) Response of cell cultures to asbestos fibers. Environ Health Perspect 9:253\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.749253","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.885099","volume":"26","author":"J Bruch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruch J, Rehn B, Duval-Arnould G, Efskind J, R\u00f6derer G, S\u00e9bastian P (2014) Toxicological investigations on the respirable fraction of silicon carbide grain products by the in vitro vector model. Inhalation Toxicol 26(5):278\u2013288","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2017.1305924","volume":"20","author":"M Bunderson-Schelvan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bunderson-Schelvan M, Holian A, Hamilton RF Jr (2017) Engineered nanomaterial-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and anti-cathepsin agents. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 20(4):230\u2013248","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Part B"},{"key":"4503_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Busch M, Bredeck G, Waag F et al (2022) Assessing the NLRP3 Inflammasome activating potential of a large panel of micro- and nanoplastics in THP-1 cells. Biomolecules 12(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12081095","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081095"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-24","volume":"10","author":"C Bussy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bussy C, Paineau E, Cambedouzou J et al (2013) Intracellular fate of carbon nanotubes inside murine macrophages: pH-dependent detachment of iron catalyst nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 10(1):24","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"4503_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.02.015","volume":"670","author":"RI Campden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campden RI, Zhang Y (2019) The role of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 670:32\u201342","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"26","key":"4503_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803933105","volume":"105","author":"SL Cassel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cassel SL, Eisenbarth SC, Iyer SS et al (2008) The Nalp3 inflammasome is essential for the development of silicosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(26):9035\u20139040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0803933105","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90456-L","volume":"513","author":"A Cataldo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cataldo A, Thayer C, Bird E, Wheelock T, Nixon R (1990) Lysosomal proteinase antigens are prominently localized within senile plaques of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: evidence for a neuronal origin. Brain Res 513(2):181\u2013192","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"4503_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champion JA, Mitragotri S (2006) Role of target geometry in phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(13):4930\u20134934","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600997103"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00462-9","volume":"28","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ye X, Escames G et al (2023) The NLRP3 inflammasome: contributions to inflammation-related diseases. Cell Mol Biol Lett 28(1):51","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"4503_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen M, Meng X, Zhu Y et al (2025) Cathepsin K aggravates pulmonary fibrosis through promoting fibroblast glutamine metabolism and collagen synthesis. Adv Sci e13017","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202413017"},{"issue":"25","key":"4503_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.019","volume":"30","author":"C Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng C, M\u00fcller KH, Koziol KK et al (2009) Toxicity and imaging of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human macrophage cells. Biomaterials 30(25):4152\u20134160","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1089\/aivt.2017.0033","volume":"5","author":"S Chortarea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chortarea S, Zerimariam F, Barosova H et al (2019) Profibrotic activity of Multiwalled carbon nanotubes upon prolonged exposures in different human lung cell types. Appl Vitro Toxicol 5(1):47\u201361","journal-title":"Appl Vitro Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4503_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.46","volume":"90","author":"MT Chow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chow MT, Tschopp J, M\u00f6ller A, Smyth MJ (2012) NLRP3 promotes inflammation-induced skin cancer but is dispensable for asbestos\u2010induced mesothelioma. Immunol Cell Biol 90(10):983\u2013986","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4503_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474993","volume":"14","author":"V Cohignac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cohignac V, Landry MJ, Ridoux A et al (2018) Carbon nanotubes, but not spherical nanoparticles, block autophagy by a shape-related targeting of lysosomes in murine macrophages. Autophagy 14(8):1323\u20131334","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"43","key":"4503_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201602410","volume":"12","author":"X Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui X, Wan B, Yang Y, Ren X, Guo LH, Zhang H (2016) Crucial role of P2X7 receptor in regulating exocytosis of single-walled carbon nanotubes in macrophages. Small 12(43):5998\u20136011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"4503_CR28","unstructured":"Davies R (1980) The effect of mineral fibres on macrophages. IARC Sci Publ (30):419\u2013425"},{"issue":"5474","key":"4503_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/251423a0","volume":"251","author":"P Davies","year":"1974","unstructured":"Davies P, Allison AC, Ackerman J, Butterfield ANN, Williams S (1974) Asbestos induces selective release of lysosomal enzymes from mononuclear phagocytes. Nature 251(5474):423\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/251423a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR29","first-page":"379","volume":"48","author":"J Davis","year":"1967","unstructured":"Davis J (1967) The effects of chrysotile asbestos dust on lung macrophages maintained in organ culture. An electron-microscope study. Br J Exp Pathol 48(4):379","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(79)90235-6","volume":"584","author":"R Dean","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dean R, Hylton W, Allison A (1979) Lysosomal enzyme secretion by macrophages during intracellular storage of particles. Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA)-General Subj 584(1):57\u201365","journal-title":"Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA)-General Subj"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(82)90200-7","volume":"70","author":"RD deShazo","year":"1982","unstructured":"deShazo RD (1982) Current concepts about the pathogenesis of silicosis and asbestosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 70(1):41\u201349","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9070982","volume":"9","author":"L Di Cristo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Cristo L, Bianchi MG, Chiu M et al (2019) Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of realistic doses of benchmark multi-walled carbon nanotubes towards macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Nanomaterials 9(7):982","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711680214","volume":"168","author":"K Donaldson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Donaldson K, Li XY, Dogra S, Miller BG, Brown GM (1992) Asbestos-stimulated tumour necrosis factor release from alveolar macrophages depends on fibre length and opsonization. J Pathol 168(2):243\u2013248","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"4503_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-5","volume":"7","author":"K Donaldson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donaldson K, Murphy FA, Duffin R, Poland CA (2010) Asbestos, carbon nanotubes and the pleural mesothelium: a review of the hypothesis regarding the role of long fibre retention in the parietal pleura, inflammation and mesothelioma. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8977-7-5","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2012.694487","volume":"7","author":"P-X Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong P-X, Wan B, Wang Z-X, Guo L-H, Yang Y, Zhao L (2013) Exposure of single-walled carbon nanotubes impairs the functions of primarily cultured murine peritoneal macrophages. Nanotoxicology 7(5):1028\u20131042","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"4503_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00211","volume":"8","author":"P-X Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong P-X, Song X, Wu J et al (2020) The fate of SWCNTs in mouse peritoneal macrophages: exocytosis, biodegradation, and sustainable retention. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:211","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5876","key":"4503_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156995","volume":"320","author":"C Dostert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dostert C, P\u00e9trilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp Jr (2008) Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 320(5876):674\u2013677","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"4503_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(90)90065-2","volume":"4","author":"KE Driscoll","year":"1990","unstructured":"Driscoll KE, Higgins JM, Leytart MJ, Crosby LL (1990) Differential effects of mineral dusts on the in vitro activation of alveolar macrophage eicosanoid and cytokine release. Toxicol Vitro 4(4\u20135):284\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0887-2333(90)90065-2","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitro"},{"issue":"37","key":"4503_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15214","DOI":"10.1039\/c5nr01839k","volume":"7","author":"G Duan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duan G, Kang SG, Tian X et al (2015) Protein corona mitigates the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide by reducing its physical interaction with cell membrane. Nanoscale 7(37):15214\u201315224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c5nr01839k","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"9","key":"4503_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306268","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306268","volume":"11","author":"VI Dumit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dumit VI, Liu Y-C, Bahl A et al (2024) Meta-analysis of integrated proteomic and transcriptomic data discerns structure\u2013activity relationship of carbon materials with different morphologies. Adv Sci 11(9):2306268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202306268","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.41.4.506","volume":"41","author":"RE Edwards","year":"1984","unstructured":"Edwards RE, Wagner MM, Moncrieff CB (1984) Cell population and histochemistry of asbestos related lesions of rat pleural cavity after injection of various inorganic dusts. Br J Ind Med 41(4):506\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.41.4.506","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e06-12-1128","volume":"18","author":"EW Eng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eng EW, Bettio A, Ibrahim J, Harrison RE (2007) MTOC reorientation occurs during FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 18(7):2389\u20132399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1091\/mbc.e06-12-1128","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"4503_CR43","unstructured":"EU Commission (2024) Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024\/2564 of 19 June 2024 amending Regulation (EC) No 1272\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the harmonised classification and labelling of certain substances, Document 32024R2564, 2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2020.1842826","volume":"84","author":"P Fletcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fletcher P, Hamilton RF Jr, Rhoderick JF, Pestka JJ, Holian A (2021) Docosahexaenoic acid impacts macrophage phenotype subsets and phagolysosomal membrane permeability with particle exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 84(4):152\u2013172","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Part A"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/fib8050031","volume":"8","author":"R Fortini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fortini R, Meyer-Plath A, Kehren D, Gernert U, J\u00e1come LA, Sturm H (2020) Measurement of flexural rigidity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by dynamic scanning electron microscopy. Fibers 8(5):31","journal-title":"Fibers"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2020.1761920","volume":"30","author":"K Fujita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujita K, Obara S, Maru J, Endoh S (2020) Cytotoxicity profiles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different physico-chemical properties. Toxicol Mech Methods 30(7):477\u2013489","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.17-0102-RA","volume":"60","author":"S Fukushima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fukushima S, Kasai T, Umeda Y, Ohnishi M, Sasaki T, Matsumoto M (2018) Carcinogenicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: challenging issue on hazard assessment. J Occup Health 60(1):10\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.17-0102-RA","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1021\/nn200283g","volume":"5","author":"N Gao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gao N, Zhang Q, Mu Q et al (2011) Steering carbon nanotubes to scavenger receptor recognition by nanotube surface chemistry modification partially alleviates NF\u03baB activation and reduces its immunotoxicity. ACS Nano 5(6):4581\u20134591","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"23","key":"4503_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-07-0559","volume":"20","author":"AS Haka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haka AS, Grosheva I, Chiang E et al (2009) Macrophages create an acidic extracellular hydrolytic compartment to digest aggregated lipoproteins. Mol Biol Cell 20(23):4932\u20134940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1091\/mbc.e09-07-0559","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M064089","volume":"57","author":"AS Haka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haka AS, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Lee HJ et al (2016) Exocytosis of macrophage lysosomes leads to digestion of apoptotic adipocytes and foam cell formation. J Lipid Res 57(6):980\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M064089","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"4503_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakala JK, Oksjoki R, Laine P et al (2003) Lysosomal enzymes are released from cultured human macrophages, hydrolyze LDL in vitro, and are present extracellularly in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(8):1430\u20131436","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000077207.49221.06"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-35","volume":"6","author":"RF Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton RF, Wu N, Porter D, Buford M, Wolfarth M, Holian A (2009) Particle length-dependent titanium dioxide nanomaterials toxicity and bioactivity. Part Fibre Toxicol 6(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8977-6-35","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-014-0043-7","volume":"11","author":"RF Hamilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamilton RF, Wu N, Xiang C et al (2014) Synthesis, characterization, and bioactivity of carboxylic acid-functionalized titanium dioxide nanobelts. Part Fibre Toxicol 11(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-014-0043-7","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317732303","volume":"46","author":"RF Hamilton Jr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamilton RF Jr, Tsuruoka S, Wu N et al (2018) Length, but not reactive edges, of cup-stack MWCNT is responsible for toxicity and acute lung inflammation. Toxicol Pathol 46(1):62\u201374","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"4503_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S26689","volume":"6","author":"H Haniu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haniu H, Saito N, Matsuda Y et al (2011) Elucidation mechanism of different biological responses to multi-walled carbon nanotubes using four cell lines. Int J Nanomed 6:3487\u20133497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.S26689","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"4503_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2023.100476","volume":"31","author":"V Hautanen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hautanen V, Morikka J, Saarim\u00e4ki LA et al (2023) The in vitro immunomodulatory effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by multilayer analysis. NanoImpact 31:100476","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04700-z","volume":"9","author":"B He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He B, Shi Y, Liang Y et al (2018) Single-walled carbon-nanohorns improve biocompatibility over nanotubes by triggering less protein-initiated pyroptosis and apoptosis in macrophages. Nat Commun 9(1):2393","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02411-y","volume":"93","author":"B Hindman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hindman B, Ma Q (2019) Carbon nanotubes and crystalline silica stimulate robust ROS production, inflammasome activation, and IL-1\u03b2 secretion in macrophages to induce myofibroblast transformation. Arch Toxicol 93(4):887\u2013907","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4503_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14523","volume":"111","author":"D Horio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horio D, Minami T, Kitai H et al (2020) Tumor-associated macrophage\u2010derived inflammatory cytokine enhances malignant potential of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Sci 111(8):2895\u20132906","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4503_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1631","volume":"9","author":"V Hornung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A et al (2008) Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol 9(8):847\u2013856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1631","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.09.026","volume":"75","author":"M Hosako","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosako M, Muto T, Nakamura Y et al (2012) Proteomic study of malignant pleural mesothelioma by laser microdissection and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis identified cathepsin D as a novel candidate for a differential diagnosis biomarker. J Proteom 75(3):833\u2013844","journal-title":"J Proteom"},{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21922","volume":"56","author":"P Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson P, Kling K, Jensen KA et al (2015) Characterization of genotoxic response to 15 multiwalled carbon nanotubes with variable physicochemical properties including surface functionalizations in the FE 1-Muta (TM) mouse lung epithelial cell line. Environ Mol Mutagen 56(2):183\u2013203","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"4503_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacquet RG, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez FG, Picard K et al (2024) Microglia degrade Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-beta deposits extracellularly via digestive exophagy. Cell Rep 43(12)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115052"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.44.3.180","volume":"44","author":"J Jajte","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jajte J, Lao I, Wi\u015bniewska-Knypl JM (1987) Enhanced lipid peroxidation and lysosomal enzyme activity in the lungs of rats with prolonged pulmonary deposition of crocidolite asbestos. Occup Environ Med 44(3):180\u2013186","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"4503_CR66","unstructured":"Jaurand MC, Magne L, Bignon J, Goni J (1980) Effects of well-defined fibres on red blood cells and alveolar macrophages. IARC Sci Publ (30):441\u2013450"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(81)90147-5","volume":"21","author":"M-C Jaurand","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jaurand M-C, Magne L, Boulmier J-L, Bignon J (1981) In vitro reactivity of alveolar macrophages and red blood cells with asbestos fibres treated with oxalic acid, sulfur dioxide and benzo-3, 4-pyrene. Toxicology 21(4):323\u2013342","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"4503_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.01.012","volume":"318","author":"F Jessop","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jessop F, Hamilton RF Jr, Rhoderick JF, Fletcher P, Holian A (2017) Phagolysosome acidification is required for silica and engineered nanoparticle-induced lysosome membrane permeabilization and resultant NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmcol 318:58\u201368","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmcol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3012114","volume":"6","author":"Z Ji","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ji Z, Wang X, Zhang H et al (2012) Designed synthesis of CeO2 nanorods and nanowires for studying toxicological effects of high aspect ratio nanomaterials. ACS Nano 6(6):5366\u20135380","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0347","volume":"9","author":"Y Kadariya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kadariya Y, Menges CW, Talarchek J et al (2016) Inflammation-related IL1\u03b2\/IL1R signaling promotes the development of asbestos-induced malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Prev Res 9(5):406\u2013414","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4503_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgac089","volume":"43","author":"Y Kadariya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kadariya Y, Sementino E, Shrestha U et al (2022) Inflammation as a chemoprevention target in asbestos-induced malignant mesothelioma. Carcinogenesis 43(12):1137\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgac089","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"4503_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.06.027","volume":"361","author":"AB Kane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kane AB, Hurt RH, Gao H (2018) The asbestos-carbon nanotube analogy: an update. Toxicol Appl Pharmcol 361:68\u201380","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmcol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1979.10667384","volume":"34","author":"K-Y Kang","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kang K-Y, Bice D, D\u2019amato R, Ziskind M, Salvaggio J (1979) Effects of asbestos and beryllium on release of alveolar macrophage enzymes. Arch Environ Health: Int J 34(3):133\u2013140","journal-title":"Archives Environ Health: Int J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0164-2","volume":"13","author":"T Kasai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasai T, Umeda Y, Ohnishi M et al (2016) Lung carcinogenicity of inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotube in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 13(1):53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-016-0164-2","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"3C","key":"4503_CR74","first-page":"2767","volume":"23","author":"K Kayser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kayser K, Richter N, Hufnagl P, Kayser G, Kos J, Werle B (2003) Expression, proliferation activity and clinical significance of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in operated lung cancer. Anticancer Res 23(3\u00a0C):2767\u20132772","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"4503_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328","volume":"20","author":"N Kelley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelley N, Jeltema D, Duan Y, He Y (2019) The NLRP3 inflammasome: an overview of mechanisms of activation and regulation. Int J Mol Sci 20(13):3328","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"4503_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2021.1988171","volume":"15","author":"S Keshavan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keshavan S, Gupta G, Martin S, Fadeel B (2021) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes trigger lysosome-dependent cell death (pyroptosis) in macrophages but not in neutrophils. Nanotoxicology 15(9):1125\u20131150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17435390.2021.1988171","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3052","volume":"16","author":"M Kopf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kopf M, Schneider C, Nobs SP (2015) The development and function of lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 16(1):36\u201344","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4503_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.11.009","volume":"111","author":"DT Kovari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kovari DT, Wei W, Chang P et al (2016) Frustrated phagocytic spreading of J774A-1 macrophages ends in myosin II-dependent contraction. Biophys J 111(12):2698\u20132710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.11.009","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"4503_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105s51261","volume":"105","author":"F Krombach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krombach F, M\u00fcnzing S, Allmeling A-M, Gerlach JT, Behr J, D\u00f6rger M (1997) Cell size of alveolar macrophages: an interspecies comparison. Environ Health Perspect 105(suppl 5):1261\u20131263","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"4503_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroda C, Ueda K, Haniu H et al (2018) Different aggregation and shape characteristics of carbon materials affect biological responses in RAW264 cells. Int J Nanomed 6079\u20136088","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S172493"},{"key":"4503_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00051","volume":"2","author":"AM Labrousse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Labrousse AM, Meunier E, Record J et al (2011) Frustrated phagocytosis on micro-patterned immune complexes to characterize lysosome movements in live macrophages. Front Immunol 2:51","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4503_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03858-4","volume":"98","author":"R Ledwith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ledwith R, Stobernack T, Bergert A et al (2024) Towards characterization of cell culture conditions for reliable proteomic analysis: in vitro studies on A549, differentiated THP-1, and NR8383 cell lines. Arch Toxicol 98(12):4021\u20134031","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15423-9","volume":"15","author":"R Ledwith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ledwith R, Dumit VI, Stobernack T et al (2025) Towards a harmonized testing strategy for nanofibers by integrating toxicological screening and proteomic profiling. Sci Rep 15(1):32430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15423-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"4503_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b03604","volume":"12","author":"D-K Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee D-K, Jeon S, Han Y et al (2018) Threshold rigidity values for the asbestos-like pathogenicity of high-aspect-ratio carbon nanotubes in a mouse pleural inflammation model. ACS Nano 12(11):10867\u201310879","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4503_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee DK, Yoo J, Kim H, Kang BH, Park SH (2022) Electrical and thermal properties of carbon nanotube polymer composites with various aspect ratios. Mater (Basel) 15(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15041356","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041356"},{"issue":"9","key":"4503_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02819-x","volume":"94","author":"R Leinardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leinardi R, Pavan C, Yedavally H, Tomatis M, Salvati A, Turci F (2020) Cytotoxicity of fractured quartz on THP-1 human macrophages: role of the membranolytic activity of quartz and phagolysosome destabilization. Arch Toxicol 94(9):2981\u20132995","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015919101174","volume":"234","author":"SS Leonard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leonard SS, Mowrey K, Pack D et al (2002) In vivo bioassays of acute asbestosis and its correlation with ESR spectroscopy and imaging in redox status. Mol Cell Biochem 234(1):369\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1015919101174","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.08.025","volume":"60","author":"M Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li M, Gunter ME, Fukagawa NK (2012) Differential activation of the inflammasome in THP-1 cells exposed to chrysotile asbestos and Libby six-mix amphiboles and subsequent activation of BEAS-2B cells. Cytokine 60(3):718\u2013730","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2023.2204161","volume":"17","author":"CS Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim CS, Veltri B, Kashon M, Porter DW, Ma Q (2023) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase expression and enhance the polarization and function of M1 macrophages in vitro. Nanotoxicology 17(3):249\u2013269","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molpha.2025.100031","volume":"107","author":"CS Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim CS, Gu JK, Ma Q (2025) Multiwalled carbon nanotubes activate the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis in macrophages. Mol Pharmacol 107(5):100031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molpha.2025.100031","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5012754","volume":"8","author":"S Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin S, Wang X, Ji Z et al (2014) Aspect ratio plays a role in the hazard potential of CeO2 nanoparticles in mouse lung and zebrafish gastrointestinal tract. ACS Nano 8(5):4450\u20134464","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01966-3","volume":"22","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang D, Liu X et al (2024) Biological and pharmacological roles of pyroptosis in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis: recent advances and future directions. Cell Communication Signal 22(1):586","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signal"},{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(87)90004-X","volume":"1","author":"S Lock","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lock S, Jones P, Friend J, Parish W (1987) Extracellular release of enzymes from macrophages in vitro for measuring cellular interaction with particulate and non-particulate materials. Toxicol In Vitro 1(2):77\u201383","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2019.1597204","volume":"13","author":"J Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long J, Ma W, Yu Z, Liu H, Cao Y (2019) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) promoted lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Nanotoxicology 13(7):938\u2013951","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-022-09516-8","volume":"51","author":"R Maheswaran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maheswaran R, Shanmugavel BP (2022) A critical review of the role of carbon nanotubes in the progress of next-generation electronic applications. J Electron Mater 51(6):2786\u20132800","journal-title":"J Electron Mater"},{"key":"4503_CR96","unstructured":"Mansour NKea (2023) Frustrated phagocytosis leads to malignant mesothelioma (AOP409). https:\/\/aopwiki.org\/aops\/409"},{"issue":"11","key":"4503_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.11.2648","volume":"19","author":"S Marathe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marathe S, Kuriakose G, Williams KJ, Tabas I (1999) Sphingomyelinase, an enzyme implicated in atherogenesis, is present in atherosclerotic lesions and binds to specific components of the subendothelial extracellular matrix. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19(11):2648\u20132658","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"4503_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34798","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34798","volume":"7","author":"ME Maxson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maxson ME, Naj X, O\u2019Meara TR, Plumb JD, Cowen LE, Grinstein S (2018) Integrin-based diffusion barrier separates membrane domains enabling the formation of microbiostatic frustrated phagosomes. eLife 7:e34798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.34798","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"10","key":"4503_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1949","volume":"6","author":"MM Mohamed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohamed MM, Sloane BF (2006) Cysteine cathepsins: multifunctional enzymes in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 6(10):764\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc1949","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR100","first-page":"465","volume":"58","author":"A Morgan","year":"1977","unstructured":"Morgan A, Davies P, Wagner JC, Berry G, Holmes A (1977) The biological effects of magnesium-leached chrysotile asbestos. Br J Exp Pathol 58(5):465\u2013473","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"4503_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7837-3_16","volume":"1784","author":"A Mularski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mularski A, Marie-Ana\u00efs F, Mazzolini J, Niedergang F (2018) Observing frustrated phagocytosis and phagosome formation and closure using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Methods Mol Biol 1784:165\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7837-3_16","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8010094","volume":"8","author":"R Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez R, Guzm\u00e1n E, Vel\u00e1zquez MM et al (2020) Influence of carbon nanosheets on the behavior of 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine Langmuir Monolayers. Processes 8(1):94","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.040","volume":"178","author":"FA Murphy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphy FA, Poland CA, Duffin R et al (2011) Length-dependent retention of carbon nanotubes in the pleural space of mice initiates sustained inflammation and progressive fibrosis on the parietal pleura. Am J Pathol 178(6):2587\u20132600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.040","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-8","volume":"9","author":"FA Murphy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murphy FA, Schinwald A, Poland CA, Donaldson K (2012) The mechanism of pleural inflammation by long carbon nanotubes: interaction of long fibres with macrophages stimulates them to amplify pro-inflammatory responses in mesothelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 9(1):8","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"4503_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2021.100314","volume":"22","author":"F Murphy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy F, Dekkers S, Braakhuis H et al (2021) An integrated approach to testing and assessment of high aspect ratio nanomaterials and its application for grouping based on a common mesothelioma hazard. NanoImpact 22:100314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.impact.2021.100314","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00487-6","volume":"19","author":"F Murphy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murphy F, Jacobsen NR, Di Ianni E et al (2022) Grouping MWCNTs based on their similar potential to cause pulmonary hazard after inhalation: a case-study. Part Fibre Toxicol 19(1):50","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"4503_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114580","volume":"230","author":"A Nel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nel A (2023) Carbon nanotube pathogenicity conforms to a unified theory for mesothelioma causation by elongate materials and fibers. Environ Res 230:114580","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"4503_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636078","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636078","volume":"12","author":"JA Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen JA, Yates RM (2021) Better together: current insights into phagosome-lysosome fusion. Front Immunol 12:636078","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.541604","volume":"5","author":"RP Nishanth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nishanth RP, Jyotsna RG, Schlager JJ, Hussain SM, Reddanna P (2011) Inflammatory responses of RAW 264.7 macrophages upon exposure to nanoparticles: Role of ROS-NF\u03baB signaling pathway. Nanotoxicology 5(4):502\u2013516","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.52.1","volume":"52","author":"T Nomura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nomura T, Katunuma N (2005) Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells. J Med Invest 52(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"J Med Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"4503_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14121","volume":"110","author":"T Numano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Numano T, Higuchi H, Alexander DB et al (2019) MWCNT-7 administered to the lung by intratracheal instillation induces development of pleural mesothelioma in F344 rats. Cancer Sci 110(8):2485\u20132492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.14121","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4503_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc4027","volume":"15","author":"OC Olson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olson OC, Joyce JA (2015) Cysteine cathepsin proteases: regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic response. Nat Rev Cancer 15(12):712\u2013729","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"4503_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omori S, Tsugita M, Hoshikawa Y et al (2021) Tim4 recognizes carbon nanotubes and mediates phagocytosis leading to granuloma formation. Cell Rep 34(6)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108734"},{"issue":"4","key":"4503_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398409530601","volume":"14","author":"W Pailes","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pailes W, Judy D, Resnick H, Castranova V (1984) Relative effects of asbestos and wollastonite on alveolar macrophages. J Toxicol Environ Health Part Curr Issues 14(4):497\u2013510","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Part Curr Issues"},{"issue":"9","key":"4503_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6861","DOI":"10.1021\/nn200595c","volume":"5","author":"J Palomaki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palomaki J, Valimaki E, Sund J et al (2011) Long, needle-like carbon nanotubes and asbestos activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through a similar mechanism. ACS Nano 5(9):6861\u20136870","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.969346","volume":"9","author":"J Palom\u00e4ki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palom\u00e4ki J, Sund J, Vippola M et al (2015) A secretomics analysis reveals major differences in the macrophage responses towards different types of carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology 9(6):719\u2013728","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030322","volume":"17","author":"RA Pietrofesa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pietrofesa RA, Velalopoulou A, Albelda SM, Christofidou-Solomidou M (2016) Asbestos induces oxidative stress and activation of Nrf2 signaling in murine macrophages: chemopreventive role of the synthetic lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (LGM2605). Int J Mol Sci 17(3):322","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.111","volume":"3","author":"CA Poland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I et al (2008) Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 3(7):423\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nnano.2008.111","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"4503_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2011.626535","volume":"6","author":"CA Poland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poland CA, Byrne F, Cho WS et al (2012) Length-dependent pathogenic effects of nickel nanowires in the lungs and the peritoneal cavity. Nanotoxicology 6:899\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17435390.2011.626535","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4503_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.10.017","volume":"269","author":"DW Porter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porter DW, Hubbs AF, Mercer RR et al (2010) Mouse pulmonary dose-and time course-responses induced by exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicology 269(2\u20133):136\u2013147","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00593370","volume":"59","author":"F Pott","year":"1972","unstructured":"Pott F, Friedrichs KH (1972) [Tumors in the rat following intraperitoneal injections of fibrous dust]. Naturwissenschaften 59(7):318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00593370","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201304095","volume":"203","author":"A Prashar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prashar A, Bhatia S, Gigliozzi D et al (2013) Filamentous morphology of bacteria delays the timing of phagosome morphogenesis in macrophages. J Cell Biol 203(6):1081\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201304095","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4503_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11756","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06511","volume":"12","author":"R Rao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rao R, Pint CL, Islam AE et al (2018) Carbon nanotubes and related nanomaterials: critical advances and challenges for synthesis toward mainstream commercial applications. ACS Nano 12(12):11756\u201311784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.8b06511","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.75","volume":"3","author":"G Repetto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Repetto G, Del Peso A, Zurita JL (2008) Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability\/cytotoxicity. Nat Protoc 3(7):1125\u20131131","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv112","volume":"147","author":"EM Rydman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rydman EM, Ilves M, Vanhala E et al (2015) A single aspiration of rod-like carbon nanotubes induces asbestos-like pulmonary inflammation mediated in part by the IL-1 receptor. Toxicol Sci 147(1):140\u2013155","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61212-6","volume":"167","author":"T Sabo-Attwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sabo-Attwood T, Ramos-Nino M, Bond J et al (2005) Gene expression profiles reveal increased mClca3 (Gob5) expression and mucin production in a murine model of asbestos-induced fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol 167(5):1243\u20131256","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.779757","volume":"8","author":"TM Sager","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sager TM, Wolfarth MW, Andrew M et al (2014) Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube surface modification on bioactivity in the C57BL\/6 mouse model. Nanotoxicology 8(3):317\u2013327","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"4503_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-17","volume":"8","author":"VC Sanchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanchez VC, Weston P, Yan A, Hurt RH, Kane AB (2011) A 3-dimensional in vitro model of epithelioid granulomas induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 8:1\u201319","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"4503_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato T, Shimosato T, Klinman DM (2018) Silicosis and lung cancer: current perspectives. Lung Cancer Targets Therapy 91\u2013101","DOI":"10.2147\/LCTT.S156376"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0162-4","volume":"13","author":"M Sayan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sayan M, Mossman BT (2016) The NLRP3 inflammasome in pathogenic particle and fibre-associated lung inflammation and diseases. Part Fibre Toxicol 13(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-016-0162-4","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR131","first-page":"315","volume":"58","author":"HU Schorlemmer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schorlemmer HU, Davies P, Hylton W, Gugig M, Allison AC (1977) The selective release of lysosomal acid hydrolases from mouse peritoneal macrophages by stimuli of chronic inflammation. Br J Exp Pathol 58(3):315\u2013326","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4503_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-025-00405-9","volume":"26","author":"O Scott","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scott O, Saran E, Freeman SA (2025) The spectrum of lysosomal stress and damage responses: from mechanosensing to inflammation. EMBO Rep 26(6):1425\u20131439","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"4503_CR133","unstructured":"Seidel et al (2023) Frustrated phagocytosis-induced lung cancer (AOP303). https:\/\/aopwiki.org\/aops\/303"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(89)90030-9","volume":"57","author":"M Sj\u00f6strand","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6strand M, Rylander R, Bergstr\u00f6m R (1989) Lung cell reactions in guinea pigs after inhalation of asbestos (amosite). Toxicology 57(1):1\u201314","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-22","volume":"7","author":"SK Sohaebuddin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sohaebuddin SK, Thevenot PT, Baker D, Eaton JW, Tang L (2010) Nanomaterial cytotoxicity is composition, size, and cell type dependent. Part Fibre Toxicol 7(1):22","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4503_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080452","volume":"8","author":"Sarah S\u00f8s Poulsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00f8s Poulsen S, Jacobsen NR, Labib S et al (2013) Transcriptomic analysis reveals novel mechanistic insight into murine biological responses to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in lungs and cultured lung epithelial cells. PLoS ONE 8(11):e80452","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR137","first-page":"797","volume":"48","author":"MF Stanton","year":"1972","unstructured":"Stanton MF, Wrench C (1972) Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J Natl Cancer Inst 48(3):797\u2013821","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"4503_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-20","volume":"9","author":"ST Stern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stern ST, Adiseshaiah PP, Crist RM (2012) Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 9:1\u201317","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"4503_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102812","volume":"65","author":"T Stobernack","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stobernack T, Vennemann A, Bro\u00dfell D et al (2025) Predicting the morphology-driven pathogenicity of nanofibers through proteomic profiling. Nano Today 65:102812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102812","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"4503_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stobernack T, Vennemann A, Ribalta C et al (2026) Proteomic profiling of alveolar macrophages identifies loss of lysosomal content as an indicator of nanofiber-induced frustrated phagocytosis. Small:e10530","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202510530"},{"issue":"17","key":"4503_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402859","volume":"11","author":"B Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun B, Wang X, Ji Z et al (2015) NADPH oxidase-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its important role in lung fibrosis by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Small 11(17):2087\u20132097","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030418","volume":"10","author":"T Svadlakova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Svadlakova T, Hubatka F, Turanek Knotigova P et al (2020) Proinflammatory effect of carbon-based nanomaterials: In vitro study on stimulation of inflammasome NLRP3 via destabilisation of lysosomes. Nanomaterials 10(3):418","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"4503_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeney S, Grandolfo D, Ruenraroengsak P, Tetley TD (2015) Functional consequences for primary human alveolar macrophages following treatment with long, but not short, multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Int J Nanomed 3115\u20133129","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S77867"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.11.008","volume":"187","author":"JK Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson JK, MacPherson MB, Beuschel SL, Shukla A (2017) Asbestos-induced mesothelial to fibroblastic transition is modulated by the inflammasome. Am J Pathol 187(3):665\u2013678","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.09.009","volume":"70","author":"KE Tollefsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tollefsen KE, Scholz S, Cronin MT et al (2014) Applying adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) to support integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 70(3):629\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.09.009","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4503_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01066","volume":"11","author":"E Uribe-Querol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C (2020) Phagocytosis: our current understanding of a universal biological process. Front Immunol 11:1066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01066","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-84","volume":"6","author":"S van den Br\u00fble","year":"2005","unstructured":"van den Br\u00fble S, Misson P, B\u00fchling F, Lison D, Huaux F (2005) Overexpression of cathepsin K during silica-induced lung fibrosis and control by TGF-\u03b2. Respir Res 6(1):84","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20140145","volume":"42","author":"M Villamil Giraldo Ana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Villamil Giraldo Ana M, Appelqvist H, Ederth T, \u00d6llinger K (2014) Lysosomotropic agents: impact on lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death. Biochem Soc Trans 42(5):1460\u20131464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20140145","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"4503_CR149","first-page":"120","volume":"3","author":"P Viswanathan","year":"1973","unstructured":"Viswanathan P, Rahman Q, Beg M, Zaidi S (1973) Pulmonary lysosomal enzymes in experimental asbestosis in guinea pigs. Environ Physiol Biochem 3:120\u2013126","journal-title":"Environ Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"9Supplement","key":"4503_CR150","first-page":"2602","volume":"69","author":"A Wali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wali A, Cavallo-Medved D, Lonardo F et al (2009) Abstract# 2602: gene expression pattern and clinical significance of cathepsin B in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Res 69(9Supplement):2602\u20132602","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4503_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9772","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2033055","volume":"5","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang X, Xia T, Addo Ntim S et al (2011) Dispersal state of multiwalled carbon nanotubes elicits profibrogenic cellular responses that correlate with fibrogenesis biomarkers and fibrosis in the murine lung. ACS Nano 5(12):9772\u20139787","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"8","key":"4503_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.04.010","volume":"9","author":"F Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang F, Yu L, Monopoli MP et al (2013) The biomolecular corona is retained during nanoparticle uptake and protects the cells from the damage induced by cationic nanoparticles until degraded in the lysosomes. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 9(8):1159\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2013.04.010","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"key":"4503_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2016.08.002","volume":"6","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Sun B, Liu S, Xia T (2017) Structure activity relationships of engineered nanomaterials in inducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and chronic lung fibrosis. Nanoimpact 6:99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.impact.2016.08.002","journal-title":"Nanoimpact"},{"key":"4503_CR154","unstructured":"WHO (1997) Determination of airborne fibre number concentrations: a recommended method, by phase-contrast optical microscopy (membrane Filter method)"},{"key":"4503_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8351147","volume":"51","author":"A Wright","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wright A, Donaldson K, Davis J (1983) Cytotoxic effect of asbestos on macrophages in different activation states. Environ Health Perspect 51:147\u2013152","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"4503_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071679","volume":"9","author":"T Yadati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Shiri-Sverdlov R (2020) The ins and outs of cathepsins: physiological function and role in disease management. Cells 9(7):1679","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.07.022","volume":"280","author":"M Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang M, Zhang M, Tahara Y et al (2014) Lysosomal membrane permeabilization: carbon nanohorn-induced reactive oxygen species generation and toxicity by this neglected mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmcol 280(1):117\u2013126","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmcol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4503_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1413-8","volume":"10","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y, Wang H, Kouadir M, Song H, Shi F (2019) Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 10(2):128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-019-1413-8","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4503_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-023-01888-4","volume":"28","author":"G Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang G, Yang Y, Liu Y, Liu X (2023) Regulation of alveolar macrophage death in pulmonary fibrosis: a review. Apoptosis 28(11):1505\u20131519","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"4503_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112245","volume":"145","author":"Y Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo Y, Choi E, Kim Y et al (2022) Therapeutic potential of targeting cathepsin S in pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 145:112245","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"4503_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/10985549.2025.2494762","volume":"45","author":"R Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang R, Vooijs MA, Keulers TG (2025) Key mechanisms in lysosome stability, degradation and repair. Mol Cell Biol 45(5):212\u2013224","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4503_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2012.1888","volume":"28","author":"L Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou L, El-Deiry W, Wang W, Ingram ME, Katz SI (2012) Extracellular protease imaging for cell mass tracking of xenografted human malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncol Rep 28(3):883\u2013888","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"4503_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu W, von dem Bussche A, Yi X et al (2016) Nanomechanical mechanism for lipid bilayer damage induced by carbon nanotubes confined in intracellular vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(44):12374\u201312379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605030113"},{"issue":"1","key":"4503_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.58.1.27","volume":"58","author":"RB Zurier","year":"1973","unstructured":"Zurier RB, Hoffstein S, Weissmann G (1973) Mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme release from human leukocytes: I. Effect of cyclic nucleotides and colchicine. J Cell Biol 58(1):27\u201341","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04503-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04503-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04503-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1784041408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04503-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":164,"alternative-id":["4503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-026-04503-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}