{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:42:50Z","timestamp":1789465370084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fatty acid esters of 2-monochlorpropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD) are process contaminants formed during the heat treatment of foodstuffs containing fat and salt. The limited information on 2-MCPD metabolism hinders investigating the mechanisms of toxic effects observed in skeletal and heart muscle as well as kidneys of rats treated with 2-MCPD dissolved in water by gavage over 28 days. The aim of the present work was to expand the scheme of 2-MCPD metabolism in rats. After oral administration of [\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]2-MCPD (30\u00a0mg\/kg bodyweight; bw) or 2-MCPD (3 or 30\u00a0mg\/kg bw) by gavage, urine samples were collected between 0 and 8\u00a0h, 8\u201324\u00a0h and 24\u201348\u00a0h. Novel metabolites were identified by\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and the most abundant metabolites were quantified by isotope-dilution GC-MS and UPLC-MS\/MS. The main compounds were 2-MCPD itself and the oxidation product 2-chlorohydracrylic acid (2-ClHA). Eight metabolites were detected for the first time. Products of conjugation reactions were 2-MCPD sulfate and 2-MCPD glucuronide. Six metabolites formed after degradation of glutathione conjugates were thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA), thionyldiglycolic acid (TNDGA), 3-(S-carboxymethyl)mercaptolactic acid (CMMLA), S-(carboxymethyl)-CysGly (CMCG), N-acetyl-S-(1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-Cys (CHEMA), and 2-[(2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl)sulfanyl]hydracrylic acid (2-COSHA). The mean excretion ratios of four main compounds quantified in male (m) and female (f) urine collected over 48\u00a0h following the low dose administration of 3\u00a0mg\/kg bw were: 2-MCPD itself (m: 12.5%, f: 11.6%), 2-ClHA (m: 30.4%, f: 26.0%), TDGA (m: 8.5%, f: 8.1%) and 2-MCPD sulfate (m: 0.19%, f: 0.23%). In summary, the metabolites covered at least 51.6% (m) or 45.9% (f) of the dose, which allowed proposing a comprehensive scheme of metabolic pathways. Given that 2-MCPD and each of its metabolites may exert a toxic effect, two pairs of metabolites stand out due to their reactivity with glutathione: 2-chloroacetaldehyde\/2-chloroacetic acid as well as 2-chlorolactaldehyde\/2-ClHA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04542-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:23:33Z","timestamp":1789460613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and quantitation of urinary metabolites of 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) in Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6696-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Henning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6422-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelius","family":"Goerdeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2012-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"El-Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1837-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustav","family":"Bruer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard H.","family":"Monien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4542_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0970-8","volume":"87","author":"K Abraham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abraham K, Appel KE, Berger-Preiss E et al (2013) Relative oral bioavailability of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in rats. 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