{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:16:05Z","timestamp":1789614965386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02061-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T20:57:50Z","timestamp":1613681870000},"page":"829-838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Interferon-beta offers promising avenues to COVID-19 treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"394","author":[{"given":"Ailar","family":"Nakhlband","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Fakhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosein","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06223-y","volume":"46","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Chrousos GP, Meduri GU (2020) The ten reasons why corticosteroid therapy reduces mortality in severe COVID-19. Intensive Care Med 46:2067\u20132070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-020-06223-y","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizi H, Davtalab-Esmaeili E (2020) Iranian first-line health care providers practice in COVID-19 outbreak. Iranian journal of public health 49:119-121.10.18502\/ijph.v49iS1.3681.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v49iS1.3681"},{"key":"2061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","volume":"370","author":"P Bastard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Michailidis E, Hoffmann H-H, Zhang Y, Dorgham K, Philippot Q, Rosain J, B\u00e9ziat V (2020) Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 370:6515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abd4585","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2061_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastan F, Nadji SA, Saffaei A, Marjani M, Moniri A, Jamaati H, Hashemian SM, Shiva PB, Abedini A, Varahram M (2020) Subcutaneous administration of Interferon beta-1a for COVID-19: a non-controlled prospective trial. Int Immunopharmacol 106688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106688"},{"key":"2061_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoudi-Monfared E, Rahmani H, Khalili H, Hajiabdolbaghi M, Salehi M, Abbasian L, Kazemzadeh H, Yekaninejad MS (2020) Efficacy and safety of interferon beta-1a in treatment of severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.28.20116467"},{"key":"2061_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30401-1","volume":"20","author":"DN Durrheim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durrheim DN, Gostin LO, Moodley K (2020) When does a major outbreak become a public health emergency of international concern? Lancet Infect Dis 20:887\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30401-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hadjadj J, Yatim N, Barnabei L, Corneau A, Boussier J, Smith N, P\u00e9r\u00e9 H, Charbit B, Bondet V, Chenevier-Gobeaux C (2020) Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.19.20068015","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.19.20068015"},{"issue":"10238","key":"2061_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","volume":"395","author":"IF-N Hung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hung IF-N, Lung K-C, Tso EY-K, Liu R, Chung TW-H, Chu M-Y, Ng Y-Y, Lo J, Chan J, Tam AR (2020) Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir\u2013ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet 395(10238):1695\u20131704","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04382-3","volume":"21","author":"SSN Irvani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Irvani SSN, Golmohammadi M, Pourhoseingholi MA, Shokouhi S, Darazam IA (2020) Effectiveness of interferon beta 1a, compared to interferon beta 1b and the usual therapeutic regimen to treat adults with moderate to severe COVID-19: structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 21(1):1\u20133","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06086-3","volume":"46","author":"J Jalkanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalkanen J, Pettil\u00e4 V, Huttunen T, Hollm\u00e9n M, Jalkanen S (2020) Glucocorticoids inhibit type I IFN beta signaling and the upregulation of CD73 in human lung. Intensive Care Med 46:1937\u20131940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-020-06086-3","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00429-3","volume":"20","author":"JS Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JS, Shin E-C (2020) The type I interferon response in COVID-19: implications for treatment. Nat Rev Immunol 20(10):585\u2013586.E","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lokugamage KG, Hage A, Schindewolf C, Rajsbaum R, Menachery VD (2020) SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to type I interferon pretreatment. BioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.07.982264","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.07.982264"},{"key":"2061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mosaddeghi P, Negahdaripour M, Dehghani Z, Farahmandnejad M, Moghadami M, Nezafat N, Masoompour SM (2020) Therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 based on the dynamics of interferon-mediated immune responses. Preprints 2020030206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202003.0206.v1","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0206.v1"},{"issue":"6","key":"2061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.008","volume":"27","author":"A Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park A, Iwasaki (2020) Type I and type iii interferons - induction, signaling, evasion, and application to combat COVID-19. Cell Host Microbe 27(6):870\u2013878","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2s","key":"2061_CR15","first-page":"e51","volume":"4","author":"P Payandemehr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Payandemehr P, Azhdarzadeh M, Bahrami-Motlagh H, Hadadi A, Najmeddin F, Shahmirzaei S, Pazoki M, Sotoodehnia M, Rahimian R (2020) Interferon beta-1a as a candidate for COVID-19 treatment; an open-label single-arm clinical trial. Adv J Emerg Med 4(2s):e51\u2013e51","journal-title":"Adv J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106903","volume":"88","author":"H Rahmani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahmani H, Davoudi-Monfared E, Nourian A, Khalili H, Hajizadeh N, Jalalabadi NZ, Fazeli MR, Ghazaeian M, Yekaninejad MS (2020) Interferon \u03b2-1b in treatment of severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol 88:106903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106903","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2061_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01901-6","volume":"7","author":"M Rameshrad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rameshrad M, Ghafoori M, Mohammadpour AH, Nayeri MJD, Hosseinzadeh H (2020) A comprehensive review on drug repositioning against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 7:1137\u20131152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-020-01901-6","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2061_CR18","first-page":"104","volume":"12","author":"M Rameshrad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rameshrad M, Maleki Dizaji N, Vaez H, Soraya H, Nakhlband A, Garjani A (2015) Lipopolysaccharide induced activation of toll like receptor 4 in isolated rat heart suggests a local immune response in myocardium. Iranian J Immunol 12(2):104\u2013116","journal-title":"Iranian J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008737","volume":"16","author":"M Sa Ribero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sa Ribero M, Jouvenet N, Dreux M, Nisole S (2020) Interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the type I interferon response. PLoS Pathog 16(7):e1008737\u2013e1008737","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"2061_CR20","first-page":"20","volume":"10","author":"J Sujaritha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sujaritha J, Mathivathani K, Aravindh G, Gnanasekaran G (2020) An overview of some drugs: lopinavir, ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxy chloroquine and Interferon as a effective treatment against COVID-19. Int J Res Phytochem Pharmaco 10(1):20\u201324","journal-title":"Int J Res Phytochem Pharmaco"},{"key":"2061_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie X, Jiang Y, Zeng Y, Liu H (2020) Combination antiviral therapy with lopinavir\/ritonavir, arbidol and interferon-\u03b11b for COVID-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/IMP3362","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3362"},{"issue":"6","key":"2061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060628","volume":"12","author":"S Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan S, Chan CC-Y, Chik KK-H, Tsang JO-L, Liang R, Cao J, Tang K, Cai J-P, Ye Z-W, Yin F (2020) Broad-spectrum host-based antivirals targeting the interferon and lipogenesis pathways as potential treatment options for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Viruses 12(6):628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12060628","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"2061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1089\/1079990041535610","volume":"24","author":"B Zheng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zheng B, He M-L, Wong K-L, Lum CT, Poon LL, Peng Y, Guan Y, Lin MC, Kung H-F (2004) Potent inhibition of SARS-associated coronavirus (SCoV) infection and replication by type I interferons (IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2) but not by type II interferon (IFN-\u03b3). J Interf Cytokine Res 24(7):388\u2013390","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01061","volume":"11","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Chen V, Shannon CP, Wei X-S, Xiang X, Wang X, Wang Z-H, Tebbutt SJ, Kollmann TR, Fish EN (2020) Interferon-\u03b12b treatment for COVID-19. Front Immunol 11:1061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01061","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2061_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26127","volume":"92","author":"Y Zuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuo Y, Liu Y, Zhong Q, Zhang K, Xu Y, Wang Z (2020) Lopinavir\/ritonavir and interferon combination therapy may help shorten the duration of viral shedding in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study in two designated hospitals in Anhui, China. J Med Virol 92(11):2666\u20132674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26127","journal-title":"J Med Virol"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-021-02061-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-021-02061-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-021-02061-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:11:55Z","timestamp":1620346315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-021-02061-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-021-02061-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran (code: TBZMED.REC.1399.015).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}