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The procedures adopted to reduce the pain and suffering of animals were carried out in accordance with the Ethical guidelines for investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals (Zimmermann ) and the Guidelines for the ethical use of animals in applied etiology studies (Sherwin et al. ). Also, the authors followed the ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research (Kilkenny et al. ). To adapting to the 3Rs Principle, measures were adopted to choose the appropriate animal model and plan the number of animals and their maximum reuse for different experimental protocols. Furthermore, other measures adopted included: Adoption of adequate accommodation, environment, food, and environmental control according to their biology; and carrying out appropriate management for the species, which was carried out only by people properly trained for this purpose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}