{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T08:35:07Z","timestamp":1744274107099,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about how pharmacological and toxicological knowledge evolves. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the presentation of the poison hydrogen cyanide in sixteen German-language pharmacology and toxicology textbooks from 1878 to 2020. The categories of structure, molecular mechanism of action, occurrence, effects, resorption, areas of application, lethal dose, acute symptoms of intoxication, treatment of hydrogen cyanide poisoning, and recommended therapeutic preparations were evaluated. The knowledge on the structure, lethal dosage, and occurrence of hydrogen cyanide has remained constant. In contrast, knowledge on molecular mechanism of action and recommended preparations of the poison has changed dramatically. Until 1944, the binding of hydrogen cyanide to hemoglobin was considered the mechanism of action, whereas from 1951 onwards, the interaction of hydrogen cyanide with the Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> of cytochrome oxidase was described. The number of preparations containing hydrogen cyanide decreased into obsolescence until 1951. The areas of application of hydrogen cyanide also show a change, as from 1919 onwards, mainly industrial areas of application of the poison are described instead of medical ones, and from 1951 onwards, criminalistic areas of application are also mentioned. Thus, pharmacological and toxicological knowledge develops non-linearly, molecular mechanism and uses being the most dynamic areas, whereas the knowledge about hydrogen cyanide\u2019s chemical structure, lethal dose, and occurrence remained constant. Older pharmacology and toxicology textbooks were better than newer ones at discussing changes in scientific concepts. Pharmacology and toxicology textbooks also mostly failed to discuss the misuse of hydrogen cyanide (Zyklon B) during the Nazi regime, missing an important opportunity to showcase the ethical responsibility of pharmacology and toxicology. Thus, future pharmacology and toxicology textbooks should improve on discussing the development of pharmacological and toxicological concepts and the ethical responsibility of the discipline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03227-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1718892166000},"page":"9167-9180","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How does pharmacological and toxicological knowledge evolve? A case study on hydrogen cyanide in German pharmacology and toxicology textbooks from 1878 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"397","author":[{"given":"Laureen","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3227_CR1","unstructured":"Aktories K, Flockerzi V, F\u00f6rstermann U, Hofmann F, Forth W, Henschler D, Rummel W, Starke K (eds) (2022) Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Lehrbuch und Nachschlagewerk f\u00fcr Studierende der Medizin, Zahnmedizin, Pharmazie und Veterin\u00e4rmedizin, f\u00fcr \u00c4rzte, Zahn\u00e4rzte, Apotheker und Tier\u00e4rzte sowie f\u00fcr Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler verwandter Disziplinen. 13. Auflage. 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R.S. is the Editor-in-Chief auf Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol and follows the editorial guidelines of the journal for acting as author ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This work was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of good scientific practice of Hannover Medical School () and officially registered as a doctoral project for Laureen Ludwig. Hannover Medical School follows the guidelines of the German Research Foundation (DFG).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as publicly available information is used as a data source.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}