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However, they also have harmful impacts on several organs. Betaine demonstrates potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Our goal was to investigate the detrimental impact of PET-NaPs on the mouse brain and evaluate the neuroprotective properties of betaine. We allocated 40 completely mature male Swiss albino mice into four distinct groups: control group, betaine group, PET-NaPs group, and betaine-co-treated group. Following a 30-day duration, euthanasia was performed on the mice, and analyzed tissue samples were obtained from the cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. PET-NaPs resulted in an elevated level of malondialdehyde and upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) expression while significantly reducing the levels of glutathione and downregulating acetylcholinesterase. The PET-NPs also caused significant changes in the histopathology of the brain tissue, and there was a demonstrable rise in the immunostaining of IL-1\u03b2 and glial fibrillary acidic proteins. Consequently, betaine effectively alleviated the negative consequences of PET-NaPs. Therefore, betaine possesses the capacity to mitigate the neurotoxic consequences induced by PET-NaPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03867-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:53:33Z","timestamp":1739350413000},"page":"9323-9339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics-induced neurotoxicity in adult male Swiss albino mice with amelioration of betaine: a histopathological, neurochemical, and molecular investigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"398","author":[{"given":"Nehal A.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina W.","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtihal M. 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