{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:34:54Z","timestamp":1792449294920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Van Yuzuncu Yil University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used to treat gram-negative infections. Oxidative stress is known to play an important role in the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of protocatechuic acid (PCA), which is believed to have antioxidant properties, on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. For this purpose, 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (oral physiological saline), PCA (20 mg\/kg orally), GM (80 mg\/kg\/day\/i.p.), GM+PCA (80 mg\/kg\/day\/i.p. GM and 20 mg\/kg PCA orally). The sampling period was eight days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and kidney samples for immunohistochemical and histopathological examination. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, Na, K and Cl were measured using an autoanalyzer, while analyses of malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), gutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were analyzed by ELISA. While the values \u200b\u200bof urea (p&lt;0.001), creatinine (p&lt;0.001), MDA (p&lt;0.05) and AOPP (p&lt;0.05) decreased in the GM+PCA group compared to the GM group, the values \u200b\u200bof GSH (p&lt;0.05) and GPx activity (p&lt;0.05) increased. In conclusion, in GM-induced nephrotoxicity, PCA prevented lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, increased GSH levels and GPx activity, and reduced tubular epithelial necrosis, glomerular atrophy, 8-OHdG and Kim-1 expression in renal cells, according to histopathological and immunohistochemical results. This study once again highlighted that PCA is a good antioxidant, and it can be said that PCA has a protective effect against nephrotoxicity caused by GM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04064-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:51:04Z","timestamp":1750827064000},"page":"17793-17801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The effect of protocatechuic acid on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"398","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9827-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Handan","family":"Mert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5427-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salih","family":"Cibuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serkan","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7185-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihat","family":"Mert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4064_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1999.0494","volume":"40","author":"AB Abdel-Naim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abdel-Naim AB, Abdel-Wahab MH, Attia FF (1999) Protective effects of vitamin e and probucol against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Res 40(2):183\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/phrs.1999.0494","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"4064_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1408-6","volume":"4","author":"SA Adefegha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adefegha SA, Omojokun OS, Oboh G (2015) Modulatory effect of protocatechuic acid on cadmium induced nephrotoxicity and hepatoxicity in rats in vivo. Springerplus 4:619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-015-1408-6","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"4064_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2020200131","volume":"63","author":"H Ahmadvand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmadvand H, Nouryazdan N, Nasri M, Adibhesami G, Babaeenezhad E (2020) Renoprotective effects of gallic acid against gentamicin nephrotoxicity through amelioration of oxidative stress in rats. Braz Arch Biol Technol 63:e20200131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-4324-2020200131","journal-title":"Braz Arch Biol Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4064_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(95)00049-6","volume":"26","author":"B Ali","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ali B (1995) Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in humans and animals: some recent research. Gen Pharmacol 26(7):1477\u20131487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-3623(95)00049-6","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4064_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_336_18","volume":"10","author":"MS Al-Naimi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Naimi MS, Rasheed HA, Hussien NR, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI (2019) Nephrotoxicity: role and significance of renal biomarkers in the early detection of acute renal injury. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 10(3):95\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_336_18","journal-title":"J Adv Pharm Technol Res"},{"key":"4064_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataman N, Mert H, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m S, Mert N (2018) The effect of fucoidan on changes of some biochemical parameters in nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 65(1):9\u201314. http:\/\/vetjournal.ankara.edu.tr\/en\/download\/article-file\/647173","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002821"},{"key":"4064_CR7","unstructured":"Bach PH, Lock EA (2012) Nephrotoxicity in the Experimental and Clinical Situation: Part 2 (Vol. 19): Springer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4064_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320308098343","volume":"9","author":"P Balakumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Balakumar P, Chakkarwar VA, Kumar V, Jain A, Singh RJ, M, (2008) Experimental models for nephropathy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 9(4):189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470320308098343","journal-title":"J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.042","volume":"99","author":"N Balasundram","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balasundram N, Sundram K, Samman S (2006) Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem 99(1):191\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.042","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4064_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1089\/152308602762197452","volume":"4","author":"AG Basnakian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basnakian AG, Kaushal GP, Shah SV (2002) Apoptotic pathways of oxidative damage to renal tubular epithelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 4(6):915\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/152308602762197452","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"4064_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2022.103907","volume":"94","author":"SR Botros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Botros SR, Matouk AI, Anter A, Khalifa MMA, Heeba GH (2022) Protective effect of empagliflozin on gentamicin-induced acute renal injury via regulation of SIRT1\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 94:103907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2022.103907","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4064_CR12","unstructured":"Caliskan Y, Yildiz A (2010) Electrolyte disturbances in renal failure. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nephrol-Special Topics 3(1): 44\u201349. https:\/\/www.turkiyeklinikleri.com\/article\/en-bobrek-yetmezligi-zemininde-elektrolit-bozukluklari-57650.html. Accessed 2024"},{"key":"4064_CR13","unstructured":"Cronin RE, Thompson JR (1991) Role of potassium in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 17(2):100\u2013105. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1753917. Accessed 2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"4064_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001319","volume":"52","author":"J Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui J, Tang L, Hong Q, Lin S, Sun X, Cai G, Bai XY, Chen X (2019) N-cetylcysteine ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by enhancing autophagy and reducing oxidative damage in miniature pigs. Shock 52(6):622\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001319","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(02)01749-1","volume":"450","author":"S Cuzzocrea","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Dugo L, Serraino I, Di Paola R, Britti D, De Sarro A, Pierpaoli S, Caputi A, Masini E, Salvemini D (2002) A role for superoxide in gentamicin-mediated nephropathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 450(1):67\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(02)01749-1","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02034-w","volume":"198","author":"TM Eman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eman TM, Hashem KS, Abdelazem AZ, Foda FAMA (2020) Prospective protective effect of ellagic acid as a SIRT1 activator in iron oxide nanoparticle-\u0131nduced renal damage in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 198(1):177\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02034-w","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4064_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1759620","volume":"45","author":"V Erseckin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erseckin V, Mert H, \u0130rak K, Yildirim S, Mert N (2022) Nephroprotective effect of ferulic acid on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 45(2):663\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01480545.2020.1759620","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4064_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.12.024","volume":"245","author":"MA Ferguson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferguson MA, Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV (2008) Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Toxicology 245(3):182\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2007.12.024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"4064_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finn WF, Porter GA (2003) Urinary biomarkers and nephrotoxicity. In clinical nephrotoxins: renal injury from drugs and chemicals (pp. 621\u2013655): Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-2586-6_33"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR20","first-page":"44","volume":"45","author":"H Galley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Galley H (2000) Can acute renal failure be prevented? J R Coll Surg Edinb 45(1):44\u201350 (PMID: 10815380)","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"issue":"40","key":"4064_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10400","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b03414","volume":"66","author":"L Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han L, Yang Q, Ma W, Li J, Qu L, Wang M (2018) Protocatechuic acid ameliorated palmitic-acid-induced oxidative damage in endothelial cells through activating endogenous antioxidant enzymes via an adenosine-monophosphate-activated-protein-kinase-dependent pathway. J Agric Food Chem 66(40):10400\u201310409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b03414","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4064_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1523187","volume":"43","author":"O Ibitoye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibitoye O, Ajiboye T (2020) Protocatechuic acid protects against menadione-induced liver damage by up-regulating nuclear erythroid-related factor 2. Drug Chem Toxicol 43(6):567\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01480545.2018.1523187","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4064_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl699","volume":"22","author":"SH Juan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Juan SH, Chen CH, Hsu YH, Hou CC, Che TH, Lin H, Chu YL, Sue YM (2007) Tetramethylpyrazine protects rat renal tubular cell apoptosis induced by gentamicin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(3):732\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfl699","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"4064_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/952943","volume":"1","author":"S Kakkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kakkar S, Bais S (2014) A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potential. ISRN Pharmacol 1:952943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/952943","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/ajb.2018.1.8","volume":"13","author":"MAM Kandeil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kandeil MAM, Kamel MAH, Eman TM, Ghada MS, Doaa SM (2018) Pumpkin and vitamin E as potent modulators of apoptosis in gentamicin-induced rat nephrotoxicity. Asian J Biochem 13(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/ajb.2018.1.8","journal-title":"Asian J Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"4064_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjbas.2018.02.001","volume":"7","author":"MAM Kandeil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kandeil MAM, Kamel MAH, Eman TM, Ghada MS, Doaa SM (2018) Wheat germ and vitamin E decrease BAX\/BCL-2 ratio in rat kidney treated with gentamicin. BJBAS 7(3):257\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjbas.2018.02.001","journal-title":"BJBAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0767-3981.2003.00211.x","volume":"18","author":"Y Karatas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karatas Y, Secilmis MA, Karayaylali I, Dora F, Buyukafsar K, Singirik E, Sagl\u0131ker Y, Dikmen A (2004) Effect of tempol (4-hydroxy tempo) on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18(1):79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0767-3981.2003.00211.x","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4064_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16578-4","volume":"29","author":"RB Kassab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kassab RB, Theyab A, Al-Ghamdy AO, Algahtani M, Mufti AH, Alsharif KF, Abdella EM, Habotta OA, Omran MM, Lokman MS, Bauomy AA, Albrakati A, Baty RS, Hassan KE, Alshiekheid MA, Abdel Moneim AE, Elmasry HA (2022) Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(8):12208\u201312221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16578-4","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"S1","key":"4064_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800461","volume":"53","author":"CD Kay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kay CD, Kroon PA, Cassidy A (2009) The bioactivity of dietary anthocyanins is likely to be mediated by their degradation products. Mol Nutr Food Res 53(S1):S92\u2013S101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.200800461","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4064_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2012.20.3.268","volume":"20","author":"SY Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim SY, Moon A (2012) Drug-induced nephrotoxicity and its biomarkers. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 20(3):268\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4062\/biomolther.2012.20.3.268","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"issue":"12","key":"4064_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122510","volume":"18","author":"SH Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SH, Choi BY, Lee SH, Kho AR, Jeong JH, Hong DK, Suh SW (2017) Administration of protocatechuic acid reduces traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal death. Int J Mol Sci 18(12):2510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18122510","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4064_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109392","volume":"337","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu Y, Wang F, Gao Z, Elhefny MA, Habotta OA, Abdel Moneim AE, Kassab RB (2021) Neuroprotective effects of protocatechuic acid on sodium arsenate induced toxicity in mice: Role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 337:109392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109392","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"9","key":"4064_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5117","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200103f","volume":"59","author":"CY Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin CY, Tsai SJ, Huang CS, Yin MC (2011) Antiglycative effects of protocatechuic acid in the kidneys of diabetic mice. J Agric Food Chem 59(9):5117\u20135124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf200103f","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.337","volume":"79","author":"JM Lopez-Novoa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lopez-Novoa JM, Quiros Y, Vicente L, Morales AI, Lopez-Hernandez FJ (2011) New insights into the mechanism of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: an integrative point of view. Kidney Int 79(1):33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2010.337","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"4064_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.4.785","volume":"134","author":"R Masella","year":"2004","unstructured":"Masella R, Var\u00ec R, D\u2019Archivio M, Di Benedetto R, Matarrese P, Malorni W, Scazzocchio B, Giovannini C (2004) Extra virgin olive oil biophenols inhibit cell-mediated oxidation of LDL by increasing the mRNA transcription of glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr 134(4):785\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/134.4.785","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"4064_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013","volume":"16","author":"R Masella","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Var\u00ec R, Filesi C, Giovannini C (2005) Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 16(10):577\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4064_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v9i6.1008-1014.3938","volume":"9","author":"M Medineli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Medineli M, Mert H, \u0130rak K, Mert N (2021) The effect of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) on the some biochemical parameters in rats with gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. TURJAF 9(6):1008\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24925\/turjaf.v9i6.1008-1014.3938","journal-title":"TURJAF"},{"issue":"7","key":"4064_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2022.2147430","volume":"134","author":"H Mert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mert H, Kerem \u00d6, Mis L, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m S, Mert N (2024) Effects of protocatechuic acid against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rat brains: an experimental study. Int J Neurosci 134(7):725\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2022.2147430","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4064_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180191","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2018-0191","volume":"30","author":"OR Molehin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Molehin OR, Adeyanju AA, Adefegha SA, Oyeyemi AO, Idowu KA (2019) Protective mechanisms of protocatechuic acid against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 30(4):20180191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2018-0191","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4064_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.11","volume":"77","author":"AI Morales","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morales AI, Detaille D, Prieto M, Puente A, Briones E, Arevalo M, Leverve X, L\u00f3pez-Novoa JM, El-Mir MY (2010) Metformin prevents experimental gentamicin-induced nephropathy by a mitochondria-dependent pathway. Kidney Int 77(10):861\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2010.11","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4064_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.07.007","volume":"46","author":"B Nitha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nitha B, Janardhanan K (2008) Aqueous-ethanolic extract of morel mushroom mycelium Morchella esculenta, protects cisplatin and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 46(9):3193\u20133199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2008.07.007. Accessed 2024","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"4064_CR42","unstructured":"Noorani AA, Gupta KA, Bhadada K, Kale M (2011) Protective effect of methanolic leaf extract of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) on gentamicin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. IJPT 10(1):21\u201325. http:\/\/ijpt.iums.ac.ir"},{"issue":"11","key":"4064_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119871095","volume":"38","author":"SE Owumi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Owumi SE, Ajijola IJ, Agbeti OM (2019) Hepatorenal protective effects of protocatechuic acid in rats administered with anticancer drug methotrexate. Hum Exp Toxicol 38(11):1254\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327119871095","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4064_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2011.560987","volume":"33","author":"B Patel Manali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patel Manali B, Deshpande S, Shah G (2011) Evaluation of efficacy of vitamin E and N-acetyl cysteine in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ren Fail 33(3):341\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2011.560987","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"4064_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/390613","volume":"2012","author":"P Randjelovic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Randjelovic P, Veljkovic S, Stojiljkovic N, Jankovic-Velickovic L, Sokolovic D, Stoiljkovic M, Ilic I (2012) Salicylic acid attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Scientific World J 2012:390613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/2012\/390613","journal-title":"Scientific World J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4064_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2011.589446","volume":"35","author":"P Randjelovic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Randjelovic P, Veljkovic S, Stojiljkovic N, Velickovic L, Sokolovic D, Stoiljkovic M, Ilic I (2012) Protective effect of selenium on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 35(2):141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01480545.2011.589446","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"4064_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Randjelovic P, Veljkovic S, Stojiljkovic N, Sokolovic D, Ilic I (2017) Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in animals: Current knowledge and future perspectives. EXCLI J 16:388\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17179\/excli2017-165","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2017-165"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010060","volume":"12","author":"S Sarwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarwar S, Hossain MJ, Irfan NM, Ahsan T, Arefin MS, Rahman A, Alsubaie A, Alharthi B, Khandaker MU, Bradley DA, Emran TB, Islam SN (2022) Renoprotection of selected antioxidant-rich foods (water spinach and red grape) and probiotics in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Life (Basel) 12(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12010060","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"4064_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/593902","volume":"2015","author":"Y Semaming","year":"2015","unstructured":"Semaming Y, Pannengpetch P, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N (2015) Pharmacological properties of protocatechuic acid and its potential roles as complementary medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:593902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/593902","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4064_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2002.01858.x","volume":"32","author":"G Sener","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sener G, Sehirli AO, Altunbas HZ, Ersoy Y, Paskaloglu K, Arbak S, Ayanoglu-Dulger G (2002) Melatonin protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Pineal Res 32(4):231\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2002.01858.x","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.79","volume":"30","author":"C Silan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silan C, Uzun O, Comunoglu N, Gokcen S, Bedirhan S, Cengiz M (2007) Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats ameliorated and healing effects of resveratrol. Biol Pharm Bull 30(1):79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.30.79","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"4064_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105109","volume":"161","author":"J Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song J, He Y, Luo C, Feng B, Ran F, Xu H, Ci Z, Xu R, Han L, Zhang D (2020) New progress in the pharmacology of protocatechuic acid: a compound ingested in daily foods and herbs frequently and heavily. Pharmacol Res 161:105109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105109","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4064_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2012.664809","volume":"34","author":"N Stojiljkovic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stojiljkovic N, Stoiljkovic M, Mihailovic D, Randjelovic P, Ilic S, Gocmanac-Ignjatovic M, Veljkovic M (2012) Beneficial effects of calcium oral coadministration in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ren Fail 34(5):622\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2012.664809","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"4064_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.03.008","volume":"22","author":"R Var\u00ec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Var\u00ec R, D\u2019Archivio M, Filesi C, Carotenuto S, Scazzocchio B, Santangelo C, Giovannini C, Masella R (2011) Protocatechuic acid induces antioxidant\/detoxifying enzyme expression through JNK-mediated Nrf2 activation in murine macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 22(5):409\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.03.008","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"4064_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.08.028","volume":"19","author":"N Yamabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamabe N, Park JY, Lee S, Cho EJ, Lee S, Kang KS, Hwang GS, Kim SN, Kim HY, Shibamoto T (2015) Protective effects of protocatechuic acid against cisplatin-induced renal damage in rats. JFF 19:20\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2015.08.028","journal-title":"JFF"},{"key":"4064_CR56","unstructured":"Yilmaz M, Mert H, I\u0307rak K,Erten R, Mert N (2018) The effect of fucoidan on the gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. 27(4): 2235\u20132241. https:\/\/www.prt-parlar.de\/download_list\/?c=FEB_2018. Accessed 2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"4064_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5505\/tjtes.2016.20165","volume":"23","author":"M Y\u00fcksel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel M, Y\u0131ldar M, Ba\u015fbu\u011f M, \u00c7avdar F, \u00c7\u0131kman \u00d6, Ak\u015fit H, Aslan F, Ak\u015fit D (2017) Does protocatechuic acid, a natural antioxidant, reduce renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 23(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5505\/tjtes.2016.20165","journal-title":"Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04064-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04064-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04064-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T04:30:58Z","timestamp":1764822658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04064-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04064-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5341389\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}]}}