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The main subtype is the M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptor. We hypothesized that overexpression of the M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptor should augment any contractile effects that are M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptor\u2013mediated. Therefore, we generated a transgenic mouse with overexpression of the human M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptor under the control of the heart-specific \u03b1-myosin heavy chain promoter (M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG). We performed contraction experiments with electrically stimulated (1\u00a0Hz) left atrial preparations (LA) and spontaneously beating right atrial preparations (RA) from adult M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG or from adult wild-type littermate mice (WT). We confirmed the expression of the human M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptor in the mouse heart by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioligand binding experiments at cardiac membranes and tissue sections. We did not detect differences in hematoxylin\/eosin staining or Masson\/Goldner staining between M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG and WT. We noticed that carbachol (10\u00a0nM\u201310\u00a0\u00b5M cumulatively applied) alone or in the presence of 1\u00a0\u00b5M isoprenaline reduced the force of contraction (FOC) to a similar extent in LA from M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG and WT. The beating rate in RA was similarly decreased by carbachol alone or by carbachol in the presence of 1\u00a0\u00b5M isoprenaline in M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG and WT. Overall, the number of RA that displayed absolute arrhythmias was higher in atria from M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG compared to atria from WT. No arrhythmias were noted in LA from M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG or WT. Stimulation of human M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptors induced absolute atrial arrhythmias more often in RA from M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -TG than in RA from WT. Overexpressed M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -muscarinic receptors were silent to the force and beating rate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04502-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T08:47:40Z","timestamp":1755074860000},"page":"1467-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Initial characterization of M2-muscarinic receptor overexpressing mouse heart"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gergs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor B.","family":"Buchwalow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britt","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaromir","family":"Myslivecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Janisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Hadova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Schettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Klimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1113","volume":"101","author":"OE Brodde","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brodde OE, Konschak U, Becker K, R\u00fcter F, Poller U, Jakubetz J, Radke J, Zerkowski HR (1998) Cardiac muscarinic receptors decrease with age. 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