{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:35:30Z","timestamp":1791304530916,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Special Project","award":["2022JDZX101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JDZX101"]}]},{"name":"National Traditional Chinese Medicine Advantageous Specialty Construction Project","award":["SATCM Medical Administration Letter (2024) No. 90"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SATCM Medical Administration Letter (2024) No. 90"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04593-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:16:41Z","timestamp":1759133801000},"page":"3073-3088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-omics genetic study revealing ferroptosis regulator CTSB driving prostate cancer progression by modulating the immune microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Jucai","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4593_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72005-0_18","volume":"601","author":"M Aalamian-Matheis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aalamian-Matheis M, Chatta GS, Shurin MR, Huland E, Huland H, Shurin GV (2007) Inhibition of dendritic cell generation and function by serum from prostate cancer patients: correlation with serum-free PSA. Adv Exp Med Biol 601:173\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-72005-0_18","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4593_CR2","first-page":"4537","volume":"9","author":"J An","year":"2003","unstructured":"An J, Sun YP, Adams J, Fisher M, Belldegrun A, Rettig MB (2003) Drug interactions between the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and cytotoxic chemotherapy, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9(12):4537\u20134545","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4593_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4340","volume":"11","author":"B Aras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aras B, Yerlikaya A (2016) Bortezomib and etoposide combinations exert synergistic effects on the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Oncol Lett 11(5):3179\u20133184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ol.2016.4340","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"4593_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1996","volume":"7","author":"P Bakhshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakhshi P, Nourizadeh M, Sharifi L, Nowroozi MR, Mohsenzadegan M, Farajollahi MM (2024) Impaired monocyte-derived dendritic cell phenotype in prostate cancer patients: a phenotypic comparison with healthy donors. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 7(2):e1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnr2.1996","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0805-8","volume":"90","author":"CD Befani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Befani CD, Vlachostergios PJ, Hatzidaki E, Patrikidou A, Bonanou S, Simos G, Liakos P (2012) Bortezomib represses HIF-1\u03b1 protein expression and nuclear accumulation by inhibiting both PI3K\/Akt\/TOR and MAPK pathways in prostate cancer cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 90(1):45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-011-0805-8","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4593_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22312","volume":"55","author":"B Bian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bian B, Mongrain S, Cagnol S, Langlois MJ, Boulanger J, Bernatchez G, Rivard N (2016) Cathepsin b promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis. Mol Carcinog 55(5):671\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mc.22312","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-5-18","volume":"5","author":"M Boccadoro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boccadoro M, Morgan G, Cavenagh J (2005) Preclinical evaluation of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 5(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2867-5-18","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-03-3060","volume":"64","author":"LE Br\u00f6ker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Br\u00f6ker LE, Huisman C, Span SW, Rodriguez JA, Kruyt FA, Giaccone G (2004) Cathepsin B mediates caspase-independent cell death induced by microtubule stabilizing agents in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 64(1):27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.can-03-3060","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2999","volume":"19","author":"M Bruchard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bruchard M, Mignot G, Derang\u00e8re V, Chalmin F, Chevriaux A, V\u00e9gran F, Ghiringhelli F (2013) Chemotherapy-triggered cathepsin B release in myeloid-derived suppressor cells activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome and promotes tumor growth. Nat Med 19(1):57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4593_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12086","volume":"20","author":"D Brusa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brusa D, Simone M, Gontero P, Spadi R, Racca P, Micari J, Matera L (2013) Circulating immunosuppressive cells of prostate cancer patients before and after radical prostatectomy: profile comparison. Int J Urol 20(10):971\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iju.12086","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4593_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00869-9","volume":"21","author":"PHA Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao PHA, Dominic A, Lujan FE, Senthilkumar S, Bhattacharya PK, Frigo DE, Subramani E (2024) Unlocking ferroptosis in prostate cancer - the road to novel therapies and imaging markers. Nat Rev Urol 21(10):615\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-024-00869-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"4593_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052451","author":"D Chakroborty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chakroborty D, Singh AP (2024) Prostate cancer: insights into disease progression and therapeutic challenges. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25052451","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4593_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.05.02","volume":"4","author":"T Chandrasekar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chandrasekar T, Yang JC, Gao AC, Evans CP (2015) Mechanisms of resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Transl Androl Urol 4(3):365\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.05.02","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-00613-6","volume":"23","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhu G, Yang Y, Wang F, Xiao YT, Zhang N, Ren S (2021) Single-cell analysis reveals transcriptomic remodellings in distinct cell types that contribute to human prostate cancer progression. Nat Cell Biol 23(1):87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41556-020-00613-6","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"4593_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100484","volume":"17","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Wang Y, Han L, Wang R, Gong C, Yang G, Yuan Y (2022) A ferroptosis-inducing biomimetic nanocomposite for the treatment of drug-resistant prostate cancer. Mater Today Bio 17:100484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100484","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"4593_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4930643","volume":"2022","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Yu Y, Liang S, Guan Z, Shi H, Zhu Q, Lin J (2022) Ferroptosis induction improves the sensitivity of docetaxel in prostate cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022:4930643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4930643","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"4593_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00933-w","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, Lyu F, Gao X (2024) Advances in ferroptosis for castration-resistant prostate cancer treatment: novel drug targets and combination therapy strategies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-024-00933-w","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05614-5","volume":"14","author":"L Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng L, He Q, Liu B, Chen L, Lv F, Li X, Xing Y (2023) SGK2 promotes prostate cancer metastasis by inhibiting ferroptosis via upregulating GPX4. Cell Death Dis 14(1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-023-05614-5","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2022_220626N665","volume":"69","author":"YQ Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai YQ, Bai Y, Gu J, Fan BY (2022) Stanniocalcin1 knockdown induces ferroptosis and suppresses glycolysis in prostate cancer via the Nrf2 pathway. Neoplasma 69(6):1396\u20131405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4149\/neo_2022_220626N665","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"issue":"5","key":"4593_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.70051","volume":"64","author":"K Enikeeva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Enikeeva K, Korobeynikov V, Sharifyanova Y, Akramova E, Shmelkova P, Gainullina D, Pavlov V (2025) Single-cell profiling of mononuclear cells identifies transcriptomics signatures differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 64(5):e70051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gcc.70051","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"4593_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586126","volume":"11","author":"M Gallazzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallazzi M, Baci D, Mortara L, Bosi A, Buono G, Naselli A, Bruno A (2020) Prostate cancer peripheral blood NK cells show enhanced CD9, CD49a, CXCR4, CXCL8, MMP-9 production and secrete monocyte-recruiting and polarizing factors. Front Immunol 11:586126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586126","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4593_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007","author":"J Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Gu X (2025) Ferroptosis in immune cells: implications for tumor immunity and cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-022-00272-w","volume":"6","author":"R Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge R, Wang Z, Cheng L (2022) Tumor microenvironment heterogeneity an important mediator of prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. NPJ Precis Oncol 6(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41698-022-00272-w","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-3477","volume":"81","author":"A Ghoochani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghoochani A, Hsu EC, Aslan M, Rice MA, Nguyen HM, Brooks JD, Stoyanova T (2021) Ferroptosis inducers are a novel therapeutic approach for advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Res 81(6):1583\u20131594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-3477","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4593_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.07.1215","volume":"75","author":"S Goktas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goktas S, Baran Y, Ural AU, Yazici S, Aydur E, Basal S, Beyzadeoglu M (2010) Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib increases radiation sensitivity in androgen independent human prostate cancer cells. Urology 75(4):793\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2009.07.1215","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"7989","key":"4593_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06696-z","volume":"623","author":"C Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo C, Sharp A, Gurel B, Crespo M, Figueiredo I, Jain S, de Bono JS (2023) Targeting myeloid chemotaxis to reverse prostate cancer therapy resistance. Nature 623(7989):1053\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06696-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-021-02325-z","volume":"19","author":"J He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He J, Yi M, Tan L, Huang J, Huang L (2021) The immune checkpoint regulator PD-L1 expression are associated with clinical progression in prostate cancer. World J Surg Oncol 19(1):215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12957-021-02325-z","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"4593_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23885","volume":"79","author":"R Hellsten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hellsten R, Lilljebj\u00f6rn L, Johansson M, Leandersson K, Bjartell A (2019) The STAT3 inhibitor galiellalactone inhibits the generation of MDSC-like monocytes by prostate cancer cells and decreases immunosuppressive and tumorigenic factors. Prostate 79(14):1611\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.23885","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"12","key":"4593_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.086","volume":"25","author":"GH Henry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henry GH, Malewska A, Joseph DB, Malladi VS, Lee J, Torrealba J, Strand DW (2018) A cellular anatomy of the normal adult human prostate and prostatic urethra. Cell Rep 25(12):3530-3542 e3535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.086","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4593_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.59","volume":"14","author":"W Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu W, Zheng RR, Cui HX, Yue D, Wang Y, Jiang YH (2012) Effects of bortezomib in sensitizing human prostate cancer cell lines to NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Asian J Androl 14(5):695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/aja.2012.59","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"4593_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2016.06.007","volume":"7","author":"SA Ibrahim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ibrahim SA, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Mahana N, Mahmoud MA, El-Mamlouk T, Mohamed MM (2016) Hormonal-receptor positive breast cancer: IL-6 augments invasion and lymph node metastasis via stimulating cathepsin B expression. J Adv Res 7(5):661\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2016.06.007","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"4593_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1591-2","volume":"63","author":"M Idorn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Idorn M, K\u00f8llgaard T, Kongsted P, Sengel\u00f8v L, Thor Straten P (2014) Correlation between frequencies of blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and negative prognostic markers in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 63(11):1177\u20131187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-014-1591-2","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"4","key":"4593_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","volume":"22","author":"X Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M (2021) Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 22(4):266\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0198-0","volume":"26","author":"LG Ju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ju LG, Zhu Y, Long QY, Li XJ, Lin X, Tang SB, Wu M (2019) SPOP suppresses prostate cancer through regulation of CYCLIN E1 stability. Cell Death Differ 26(6):1156\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-018-0198-0","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"24","key":"4593_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249537","volume":"21","author":"EK Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim EK, Song MJ, Jang HH, Chung YS (2020) Clinicopathologic analysis of cathepsin B as a prognostic marker of thyroid cancer. Int J Mol Sci 21(24):9537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21249537","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4593_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20200511","volume":"62","author":"DY Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim DY, Kim SH, Yang EK (2021) RNA interference mediated suppression of TRPV6 inhibits the progression of prostate cancer in vitro by modulating cathepsin B and MMP9 expression. Investig Clin Urol 62(4):447\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4111\/icu.20200511","journal-title":"Investig Clin Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01635-y","volume":"20","author":"KS Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim KS, Choi B, Choi H, Ko MJ, Kim DH, Kim DH (2022) Enhanced natural killer cell anti-tumor activity with nanoparticles mediated ferroptosis and potential therapeutic application in prostate cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 20(1):428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-022-01635-y","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"issue":"9","key":"4593_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12360","volume":"12","author":"A Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar A, Dhar S, Campanelli G, Butt NA, Schallheim JM, Gomez CR, Levenson AS (2018) MTA1 drives malignant progression and bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 12(9):1596\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1878-0261.12360","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0002-3","volume":"15","author":"CL Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu CL, Guo J, Zhang X, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP (2018) Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: from basic research to clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 15(6):351\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-018-0002-3","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2011.9","volume":"18","author":"RR Malla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malla RR, Gopinath S, Gondi CS, Alapati K, Dinh DH, Gujrati M, Rao JS (2011) Cathepsin B and uPAR knockdown inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis by modulating VEGF expression in glioma. Cancer Gene Ther 18(6):419\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cgt.2011.9","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"4593_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-024-01988-9","volume":"29","author":"Z Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao Z, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Guo L, Wang X, Miao M (2024) The mutual regulatory role of ferroptosis and immunotherapy in anti-tumor therapy. Apoptosis 29(9\u201310):1291\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10495-024-01988-9","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"issue":"12","key":"4593_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303380","volume":"192","author":"S McComb","year":"2014","unstructured":"McComb S, Shutinoski B, Thurston S, Cessford E, Kumar K, Sad S (2014) Cathepsins limit macrophage necroptosis through cleavage of Rip1 kinase. J Immunol 192(12):5671\u20135678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1303380","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2017.04.003","volume":"96","author":"A Mitrovi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitrovi\u0107 A, Pe\u010dar Fonovi\u0107 U, Kos J (2017) Cysteine cathepsins B and X promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells. Eur J Cell Biol 96(6):622\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejcb.2017.04.003","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"4593_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194757","author":"M Movassaghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Movassaghi M, Chung R, Anderson CB, Stein M, Saenger Y, Faiena I (2021) Overcoming immune resistance in prostate cancer: challenges and advances. Cancers (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13194757","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4593_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146707","author":"AJ Petty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petty AJ, Dai R, Lapalombella R, Baiocchi RA, Benson DM, Li Z, Yang Y (2021) Hedgehog-induced PD-L1 on tumor-associated macrophages is critical for suppression of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell function. JCI Insight. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.146707","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"4593_CR46","first-page":"719","volume":"30","author":"J Qian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qian J, Bostwick DG, Iczkowski KA, Betre K, Wilson MJ, Le C, Sinha AA (2010) Characterization of prostate cancer in needle biopsy by cathepsin B, cell proliferation and DNA ploidy. Anticancer Res 30(3):719\u2013725","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"4593_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.0228","volume":"333","author":"R Raychaudhuri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raychaudhuri R, Lin DW, Montgomery RB (2025) Prostate cancer: a review. JAMA 333(16):1433\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.0228","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4593_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-014-0031-3","volume":"2","author":"SJ Santegoets","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santegoets SJ, Stam AG, Lougheed SM, Gall H, Jooss K, Sacks N, de Gruijl TD (2014) Myeloid derived suppressor and dendritic cell subsets are related to clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients treated with prostate GVAX and ipilimumab. J Immunother Cancer 2:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-014-0031-3","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.07.108","volume":"188","author":"A Sato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sato A, Asano T, Ito K, Asano T (2012) Vorinostat and bortezomib synergistically cause ubiquitinated protein accumulation in prostate cancer cells. J Urol 188(6):2410\u20132418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2012.07.108","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"4593_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175730","author":"M Sekhoacha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, Mashele S (2022) Prostate cancer review: genetics, diagnosis, treatment options, and alternative approaches. Molecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27175730","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4593_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006262","author":"BA Siddiqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqui BA, Chapin BF, Jindal S, Duan F, Basu S, Yadav SS, Subudhi SK (2023) Immune and pathologic responses in patients with localized prostate cancer who received daratumumab (anti-CD38) or edicotinib (CSF-1R inhibitor). J Immunother Cancer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-006262","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"4593_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/21624011.2014.955331","volume":"3","author":"LK Spary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spary LK, Salimu J, Webber JP, Clayton A, Mason MD, Tabi Z (2014) Tumor stroma-derived factors skew monocyte to dendritic cell differentiation toward a suppressive CD14(+) PD-L1(+) phenotype in prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology 3(9):e955331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/21624011.2014.955331","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4593_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700539","volume":"37","author":"D Stiblar-Martincic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stiblar-Martincic D, Hajdinjak T (2009) Polymorphism L26V in the cathepsin B gene may be associated with a risk of prostate cancer and differentiation. J Int Med Res 37(5):1604\u20131610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147323000903700539","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4593_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4103\/aja2022109","volume":"25","author":"S Takahashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takahashi S, Takada I (2023) Recent advances in prostate cancer: WNT signaling, chromatin regulation, and transcriptional coregulators. Asian J Androl 25(2):158\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aja2022109","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"4593_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6643","volume":"7","author":"KD Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang KD, Liu J, Jovanovic L, An J, Hill MM, Vela I, Ling MT (2016) Adipocytes promote prostate cancer stem cell self-renewal through amplification of the cholecystokinin autocrine loop. Oncotarget 7(4):4939\u20134948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.6643","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"4593_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052569","author":"G von Amsberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"von Amsberg G, Alsdorf W, Karagiannis P, Coym A, Kaune M, Werner S, Dyshlovoy SA (2022) Immunotherapy in advanced prostate cancer-light at the end of the tunnel? Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23052569","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4593_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21078","volume":"70","author":"S Vuk-Pavlovi\u0107","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vuk-Pavlovi\u0107 S, Bulur PA, Lin Y, Qin R, Szumlanski CL, Zhao X, Dietz AB (2010) Immunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DRlow\/- monocytes in prostate cancer. Prostate 70(4):443\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.21078","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"4","key":"4593_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2545","volume":"45","author":"Z Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wang J, Li X, Xing L, Ding Y, Shi P, Shan B (2014) Bortezomib prevents oncogenesis and bone metastasis of prostate cancer by inhibiting WWP1, Smurf1 and Smurf2. Int J Oncol 45(4):1469\u20131478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2014.2545","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4593_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14077","volume":"23","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Niu H, Hu Z, Zhu M, Wang L, Han L, Lou H (2019) Targeting the lysosome by an aminomethylated Riccardin D triggers DNA damage through cathepsin B-mediated degradation of BRCA1. J Cell Mol Med 23(3):1798\u20131812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.14077","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"4593_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang H, Li N, Liu Q, Guo J, Pan Q, Cheng B, Qin J (2023) Antiandrogen treatment induces stromal cell reprogramming to promote castration resistance in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 41(7):1345\u20131362 e1349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.05.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.05.016"},{"issue":"8","key":"4593_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06943-9","volume":"15","author":"M Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang M, Wang T, Wang J, Yang Y, Li X, Chen H, Liao J (2024) ALDH1A1 promotes immune escape of tumor cells through ZBTB7B-glycolysis pathway. Cell Death Dis 15(8):568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-024-06943-9","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"4593_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc4016","volume":"15","author":"PA Watson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watson PA, Arora VK, Sawyers CL (2015) Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 15(12):701\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc4016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02354-7","volume":"11","author":"G Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei G, Huang Y, Li W, Xie Y, Zhang D, Niu Y, Zhao Y (2025) SREBF1-based metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer promotes tumor ferroptosis resistance. Cell Death Discov 11(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-025-02354-7","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"9","key":"4593_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.06.014","volume":"27","author":"H Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu H, Ye D, Ren M, Zhang H, Bi F (2021) Ferroptosis in the tumor microenvironment: perspectives for immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 27(9):856\u2013867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.06.014","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0509","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Ding Y, Shi C, Yuan F, Sheng X, Liu Y, Jiang L (2023) Identification of cathepsin B as a therapeutic target for ferroptosis of macrophage after spinal cord injury. Aging Dis 15(1):421\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/AD.2023.0509","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4593_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02552-w","volume":"16","author":"Z Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan Z, Zheng G, Zou J, Zou X, Chai K, Zhang G (2025) Cathepsin b in urological tumors: unraveling its role and therapeutic potential. Discover Oncol 16(1):707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-02552-w","journal-title":"Discover Oncol"},{"key":"4593_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112203","volume":"134","author":"T Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang T, Zeng X, Zeng E, Wang H (2024) Ferroptosis in antitumor therapy: unraveling regulatory mechanisms and immunogenic potential. Int Immunopharmacol 134:112203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112203","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4593_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-2796","volume":"85","author":"C Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang C, Ding J, Lim KS, Zhou W, Miao W, Wu S, Gao Y (2025) JMJD6 rewires ATF4-dependent glutathione metabolism to confer ferroptosis resistance in SPOP-mutated prostate cancer. Cancer Res 85(8):1496\u20131513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-2796","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4593_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13402","volume":"11","author":"L Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao L, Zhao Y, Yao C, Dai Y, Li Z, Tang Y (2023) MHA, an interactive website for scRNA-seq data of male genitourinary development and disease. Andrology 11(6):1157\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.13402","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4593_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2617","volume":"10","author":"RP Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng RP, Wang W, Wei CD (2015) Bortezomib inhibits cell proliferation in prostate cancer. Exp Ther Med 10(3):1219\u20131223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2015.2617","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04593-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04593-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04593-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T01:09:03Z","timestamp":1771549743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04593-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04593-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}