{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:43:20Z","timestamp":1788799400452,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examines the German Pharmacological Society (DGP) during the Nazi Regime (1933-1945) and its resurrection\u00a0after World War II. The analysis is based on DGPT documents stored in the archives of Hannover Medical School\u00a0and published in\n                    <jats:italic>Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The minutes of board meetings were a key source of information.  Selected\u00a0individuals who played an important role during this timeare briefly presented biographically\u00a0and scientifically, and their positions are explained. These individuals are Behrend Behrens, Otto Riesser, Hellmut Weese, Wolfgang Heubner, Ferdinand Flury, Otto Loewi, and Otto Krayer. The study focuses on the DGP\u2019s treatment of its Jewish members\u2014both during and after World War II. It examines the extent to which the professional association in post-war Germany took a position on its actions or inaction at that time. In 1931\/32, 18% of the DGP members were Jewish. We identified 23 additional DGP members persecuted by the Nazis not yet known through previous studies. They will be analyzed and honored in detail in a future study.\u00a0In order to classify the behavior of the DGP, a brief comparison with other professional associations (pediatrics and gynecology)\u00a0is also made. Our study shows that the DGP has not come to terms with its past behavior during the Nazi era until recently. Although Jewish members were not explicitly excluded from the professional association, which distinguishes the DGP from other professional associations, there are indications of vehement representatives of Nazi ideology (e.g., Ferdinand Flury)\u00a0within the professional association. The DGP board never officially contradicted these openly professed supporters of Nazism after the Nazis came to power. There are also indications of a certain political calculation to quickly establish ties with the scientific community, which ultimately succeeded. This context explains that Otto Riesser, persecuted during the Nazi era, was elected as the first DGP chairman after the war.\u00a0Although Prof. Dr. Ursula Gundert-Remy\u00a0issued an official apology in 2014 for the\u00a0behavior of the DGP\u00a0toward Jewish members, it remains unclear why this acknowledgment came so late.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04605-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:56:39Z","timestamp":1761990999000},"page":"5371-5397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The German Pharmacological Society during the Nazi regime (1933\u20131945) and its resurrection after World War II"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Nina Sophie","family":"Goebels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4605_CR1","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1936) Verhandlungen der Deutschen Pharmakologischen Gesellschaft, 12. Tagung, gehalten in M\u00fcnchen vom 20.-23.Oktober 1935. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 41, p. 16"},{"key":"4605_CR2","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1932\u20131935) Heubner Tagebuch 10. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 118"},{"key":"4605_CR3","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1947) Protokoll der Vorbesprechug \u00fcber Neugr\u00fcndung. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 2, Nr. 000001"},{"key":"4605_CR4","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1948) Brief von Hellmut Weese an Prof. Dr. Bacq, Pharmakologisches Institut der Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcttich.. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 2"},{"key":"4605_CR5","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1949)\u00a0Protokoll der Vorstandssitzung. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 2, Nr. 000006"},{"key":"4605_CR6","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1955)\u00a0Protokoll der Vorstandssitzung. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 2, Nr. 000017"},{"key":"4605_CR7","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1956) Protokoll der Vorstandssitzung. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 2, Nr. 000018"},{"key":"4605_CR8","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (1957) Satzungen der Deutschen Pharmakologischen Gesellschaft Sitz D\u00fcsseldorf e.V.. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 35, pp.2,7"},{"key":"4605_CR9","unstructured":"Archiv der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (n.d.)\u00a0Verhandlungen der Deutschen Pharmakologischen Gesellschaft, 14. Tagung, gehalten in Berlin vom 24.-28.April 1938. ArchMHH, Dep. 13, Band 41, pp. 17\u201329"},{"key":"4605_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Behrend Behrens (1970) Arch. Toxikol.\u00a026:91\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00577794. Accessed 17 Dec 2024","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00577794"},{"key":"4605_CR11","unstructured":"Benda L (2025)\u00a0https:\/\/www.lagis-hessen.de\/pnd\/117584967. 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The Hannover Medical School follows the guidelines of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). This research project is part of the officially registered doctoral thesis project of N.S.G.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable because publicly available information is used as a data source.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"N.S.G. and C.W. declare no conflict of interest. R.S. in the Editor-in-Chief of Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol and follows the editorial guidelines of editors acting as authors (\n                      \n                      ).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}