{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:26:02Z","timestamp":1789763162224,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"fasa u","award":["404070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04660-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T19:41:45Z","timestamp":1762285305000},"page":"5499-5514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chitosan-based hydrogels loaded with repaglinide and difluorinated curcumin: impact on structural integrity, drug release, and antibacterial activity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Yasir Qasim","family":"Almajidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maher Abdulrazzaq","family":"Al-hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwah Suliman","family":"Maashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Kamil","family":"Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munthar","family":"Kadhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iyad","family":"Waad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buthaina Shabaan","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaber Hameed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narges","family":"Fereydouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4660_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i12.1106","volume":"13","author":"G Akkus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akkus G, Sert M (2022) Diabetic foot ulcers: a devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes 13:1106\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v13.i12.1106","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38481","volume":"10","author":"ME Astaneh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Astaneh ME, Fereydouni N (2024) Advancing diabetic wound care: the role of copper-containing hydrogels. Heliyon 10:e38481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38481","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4660_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.091","volume":"155","author":"S Ata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ata S, Rasool A, Islam A, Bibi I, Rizwan M, Azeem MK, Qureshi AuR, Iqbal M (2020) Loading of cefixime to pH sensitive chitosan based hydrogel and investigation of controlled release kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 155:1236\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.091","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4660_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071054","volume":"12","author":"MS Baig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baig MS, Banu A, Zehravi M, Rana R, Burle SS, Khan SL, Islam F, Siddiqui FA, Massoud EES, Rahman MH, Cavalu S (2022) An overview of diabetic foot ulcers and associated problems with special emphasis on treatments with antimicrobials. Life (Basel) 12:1054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12071054","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"4660_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.106848","volume":"107","author":"B Bhattacharjee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee B, K S, Rynjah D, Kalita P, Newar A, Kalita K, Sarma S, Dutta PP, Kapil MJ, Ahmed AB, Sahu RK (2025) Recent trends in hydrogel-based formulation for the treatment of diabetic wounds: a review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 107:106848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.106848","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"4660_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.07.024","volume":"192","author":"Bing Dai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dai B, Wu Q, Zeng C, Zhang J, Cao L, Xiao Z, Yang M (2016) The effect of Liuwei Dihuang decoction on PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway in liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats with insulin resistance. J Ethnopharmacology 192:382\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2016.07.024","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"4660_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106844","volume":"200","author":"E Demirturk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demirturk E, Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, D\u00f6nmez Kutlu M, K\u00f6se S, Ak\u0131ll\u0131o\u011flu K (2024) Preparation of nanoparticle and nanoemulsion formulations containing repaglinide and determination of pharmacokinetic parameters in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 200:106844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106844","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4660_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faruk Khan OM (2024) Diabetes and antidiabetic drugs. Medicinal chemistry for pharmacy students. Bentham Science Publishers. pp 220\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/97898151797291240301","DOI":"10.2174\/97898151797291240301"},{"key":"4660_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.650598","volume":"9","author":"P Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng P, Luo Y, Ke C, Qiu H, Wang W, Zhu Y, Hou R, Xu L, Wu S (2021) Chitosan-based functional materials for skin wound repair: mechanisms and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9:650598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.650598","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"4660_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73678-w","volume":"11","author":"N Fereydouni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fereydouni N, Movaffagh J, Amiri N, Darroudi S, Gholoobi A, Goodarzi A, Hashemzadeh A, Darroudi M (2021) Synthesis of nano-fibers containing nano-curcumin in zein corn protein and its physicochemical and biological characteristics. Sci Rep 11:1902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-73678-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4660_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu B, Liu W, Wang F, Li G, Wang Y, Huang X, Shi H, Qin C (2024) Design and synthesis of thiourea-conjugating organic arsenic D-glucose with anticancer activities. Molecules 29(12):2850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29122850","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122850"},{"key":"4660_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2025.103470","volume":"340","author":"Li Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo L, Fu Z, Li H, Wei R, Guo J, Wang H, Qi J (2025) Smart hydrogel: a new platform for cancer therapy.\u00a0Adv Colloid Interface Sci\u00a0340:103470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cis.2025.103470","journal-title":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"4660_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He W, Wang Y, Li X, Ji J, Yuan J, Yang W, Yan S, Yan J (2024) Sealing the Pandora\u2019s vase of pancreatic fistula through entrapping the digestive enzymes within a dextrorotary (D)-peptide hydrogel. Nat Commun 15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51734-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51734-7"},{"key":"4660_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","volume":"7","author":"MJ Hossain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hossain MJ, Al-Mamun M, Islam MR (2024) Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: early detection should be focused. Health Sci Rep 7:e2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.2004","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"4660_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu C-Y, Azzam ER, Merza M, Maashi MS, Hjazi A, M.M R, Ray S, Ghai K, Singh U, Fereydouni N (2025) Therapeutic potential of repaglinide-embedded chitosan hydrogel in promoting wound healing. Regen Ther 29:551\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reth.2025.04.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2025.04.021"},{"key":"4660_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040920","volume":"25","author":"J Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang J, Fu J, Liu B, Wang R, You T (2020) A synthetic curcuminoid analog, (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)cyclohexanone, ameliorates impaired wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by increasing miR-146a. Molecules 25:920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25040920","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4660_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030807","volume":"15","author":"Y Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim Y, Zharkinbekov Z, Raziyeva K, Tabyldiyeva L, Berikova K, Zhumagul D, Temirkhanova K, Saparov A (2023) Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Pharmaceutics 15:807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030807","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4660_CR18","first-page":"749","volume":"19","author":"D Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li D, Li J, Li H, Wu Q, Li QX (2016) Antioxidant properties of repaglinide and its protections against cyclosporine A-induced renal tubular injury. Iran J Basic Med Sci 19:749\u2013754","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"4660_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mi W, Xia Y, Bian Y (2019) The influence of ICAM1 rs5498 on diabetes mellitus risk: evidence from a meta-analysis. Inflamm Res 68(4):275\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-019-01220-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01220-4"},{"key":"4660_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160527113501","volume":"22","author":"AA Momtazi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Momtazi AA, Sahebkar A (2016) Difluorinated curcumin: a promising curcumin analogue with improved anti-tumor activity and pharmacokinetic profile. Curr Pharm Des 22:4386\u20134397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1381612822666160527113501","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"4660_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4396","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY00666F","volume":"6","author":"A Moradi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moradi A, Pramanik S, Ataollahi F, Kamarul T, Pingguan-Murphy B (2014) Archimedes revisited: computer assisted micro-volumetric modification of the liquid displacement method for porosity measurement of highly porous light materials. Anal Methods 6:4396\u20134401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C4AY00666F","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"4660_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119354","volume":"287","author":"J Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel J, Maiti S, Moorthy NSHN (2022) Repaglinide-laden hydrogel particles of xanthan gum derivatives for the management of diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 287:119354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119354","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"4660_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123746","volume":"376","author":"Qunyong Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng Q, Zhang H, Li Z (2025) KAT2A-mediated H3K79 succinylation promotes ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating SAT2. Life Sci 376:123746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123746","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"4660_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101580","volume":"8","author":"C Pouget","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Pantel A, Schuldiner S, Sotto A, Lavigne JP (2020) Biofilms in diabetic foot ulcers: significance and clinical relevance. Microorganisms 8:1580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8101580","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4660_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124948","volume":"242","author":"M. AuR Qureshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qureshi M. AuR, Arshad N, Rasool A (2023) Graphene oxide reinforced biopolymeric (chitosan) hydrogels for controlled cephradine release. Int J Biol Macromol 242:124948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124948","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4660_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202200052","volume":"76","author":"MAuR Qureshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qureshi MAuR, Arshad N, Rasool A, Islam A, Rizwan M, Haseeb M, Rasheed T, Bilal M (2024) Chitosan and carrageenan-based biocompatible hydrogel platforms for cosmeceutical, drug delivery, and biomedical applications. Starch-Starke 76:2200052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/star.202200052","journal-title":"Starch-Starke"},{"key":"4660_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73234-9_9","volume":"1328","author":"S Radbakhsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radbakhsh S, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Mahmoudi A, Sarborji MR, Hatamipour M, Moallem SA, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A (2021) Investigation of the effects of difluorinated curcumin on glycemic indices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 1328:131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-73234-9_9","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"4660_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6640893","volume":"2021","author":"P Rahmanian-Devin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahmanian-Devin P, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR (2021) Thermosensitive chitosan-\u03b2-glycerophosphate hydrogels as targeted drug delivery systems: an overview on preparation and their applications. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021:6640893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6640893","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4660_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202100150","volume":"76","author":"A Rasool","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rasool A, Rizwan M, Islam A, Abdullah H, Shafqat SS, Azeem MK, Rasheed T, Bilal M (2024) Chitosan-based smart polymeric hydrogels and their prospective applications in biomedicine. Starch 76:2100150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/star.202100150","journal-title":"Starch"},{"key":"4660_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00426-x","author":"K Renuka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Renuka K, Priyanka SA, Raphel Rose J (2025) Curcumin-powered nanohydrogel systems for diabetic foot ulcers: next-generation phytomedicine approaches in wound care. Biomed Mater Devices. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44174-025-00426-x","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Devices"},{"key":"4660_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-9886-x","volume":"157","author":"K Sahin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Muqbil I, Sahin N, Gencoglu H, Guler O, Padhye SB, Sarkar FH, Mohammad RM (2014) Comparative in vivo evaluations of curcumin and its analog difluorinated curcumin against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 157:156\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-014-9886-x","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4660_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-01597-9","volume":"392","author":"EK Stuermer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuermer EK, Besser M, Terberger N, Koester V, Bachmann HS, Severing AL (2019) Side effects of frequently used oral antidiabetics on wound healing in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 392:371\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-018-01597-9","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"4660_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121188","volume":"12","author":"M Vigata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vigata M, Meinert C, Hutmacher DW, Bock N (2020) Hydrogels as drug delivery systems: a review of current characterization and evaluation techniques. Pharmaceutics 12:1188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121188","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4660_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14060619","volume":"14","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Huang L, Wu E, Li X, Rao Y, Zhu C (2025) Recent advances on chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels for skin wound treatment. Biology 14:619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14060619","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"4660_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang W, Cai T, Shao C, Xiao Y, Xiang Y, Jiang Y (2024) MXene\u2010based responsive hydrogels and applications in wound healing. Abstract ChemistrySelect 9(32). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/slct.202402073","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202402073"},{"key":"4660_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c06210","author":"Z Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao Z, Cao J, Zhao C, Song Z, Liu J, Tong T, Du T, Du X (2025) Thermoresponsive biodegradable hydrogel combined with photothermal and chemodynamic therapies to eliminate biofilms and accelerate infected wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.5c06210","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"4660_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu L, Zhang J, Luo J, Cui Y, Chen J, Zeng B, Deng Z, Shao L (2025) \u201cDouble-sided protector\u201d Janus hydrogels for skin and mucosal wound repair: applications mechanisms and prospects. J Nanobiotechnology 23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-025-03438-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03438-3"},{"key":"4660_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.06.004","volume":"52","author":"Yuyun Ye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ye Y, Liu Y, Ma S, Li X, Wang W, Chen X, Zheng J, Fan Z, Jiang Y, Liao Y (2025) Multifunctional DNA hydrogels with light-triggered gas-therapy and controlled G-Exos release for infected wound healing. Bioact Mater 52:422\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.06.004","journal-title":"Bioactive Materials"},{"key":"4660_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.160629","volume":"507","author":"Yuying Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Nie C, Wang Z, Lan F, Wan L, Li A, Zheng P, Zhu W, Pan Q (2025) A spatial confinement biological heterogeneous cascade nanozyme composite hydrogel combined with nitric oxide gas therapy for enhanced treatment of psoriasis and diabetic wound. Chem Eng J 507:160629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2025.160629","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04660-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04660-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04660-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:08:33Z","timestamp":1775099313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04660-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04660-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Bioethics Committee of Fasa University of Medical Sciences granted approval for all experimental procedures conducted in this study, as indicated by the assigned ethics code\u00a0404070. In conducting animal experiments, strict adherence to the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines was maintained to ensure ethical and transparent reporting. Furthermore, all procedures conformed to the standards set forth by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, including its associated guidelines, as well as the EU Directive 2010\/63, which aims to protect animals utilized for scientific research purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}