{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:14:23Z","timestamp":1778210063647,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key Specialty Constuction Project of Clinical Pharmacy in Chongqing"},{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["Grant No. KJQN202400458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. KJQN202400458"]}]},{"name":"the Pharmacovigilance Open Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Center for Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring","award":["Grant No. Y0120240002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. Y0120240002"]}]},{"name":"the Medical Research Project of the Chongqing Health Commission","award":["Grant No: 2025WSJK101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No: 2025WSJK101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05080-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:35:58Z","timestamp":1770788158000},"page":"10861-10871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medication association analysis of antimicrobial-induced arrhythmias based on FP-growth frequent pattern mining"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guili","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"5080_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03552.x","volume":"59","author":"E Abo\u2010Salem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abo\u2010Salem E, Nugent K, Chance W (2011) Antibiotic-induced cardiac arrhythmia in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 59(9):1747\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03552.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"5080_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0385CI","volume":"189","author":"RK Albert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Albert RK, Schuller JL (2014) Macrolide antibiotics and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189(10):1173\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201402-0385CI","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"5080_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.113046","author":"S Bashir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bashir S (2020) An efficient pattern growth approach for mining fault tolerant frequent itemsets. Expert Syst Appl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.113046","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"5080_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs351","volume":"34","author":"ER Behr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Behr ER, Roden D (2012) Drug-induced arrhythmia: pharmacogenomic prescribing? Eur Heart J 34(2):89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs351","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"5080_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4873","volume":"28","author":"G Bonaldo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonaldo G, Andriani LA, D\u2019Annibali O, Motola D, Vaccheri A (2019) Cardiovascular safety of macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics: an analysis of the WHO database of adverse drug reactions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 28(11):1457\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.4873","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"5080_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000174158.78626.35","volume":"5","author":"SG Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown SG (2005) Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5(4):359\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.all.0000174158.78626.35","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5080_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1362938","volume":"129","author":"E Cornett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cornett E, Novitch MB, Kaye AD, Pann CA, Bangalore HS, Allred G, Bral M, Jhita PK, Kaye AM (2017) Macrolide and fluoroquinolone mediated cardiac arrhythmias: clinical considerations and comprehensive review. Postgrad Med 129(7):715\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2017.1362938","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5080_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2023.10.008","volume":"79","author":"A Destere","year":"2024","unstructured":"Destere A, Merino D, Lavrut T, Rocher F, Viard D, Drici MD, G\u00e9rard AO (2024) Drug-induced cardiac toxicity and adverse drug reactions, a narrative review. Therapies 79(2):161\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.therap.2023.10.008","journal-title":"Therapies"},{"issue":"9","key":"5080_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.001","volume":"55","author":"BJ Drew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, Gibler WB, Kligfield P, Menon V, Philippides GJ, Roden DM, Zareba W (2010) Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(9):934\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5080_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124080-00002","volume":"24","author":"MD Drici","year":"2001","unstructured":"Drici MD, Cl\u00e9ment N (2001) Is gender a risk factor for adverse drug reactions? Drug Saf 24(8):575\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002018-200124080-00002","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"5080_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15802","volume":"89","author":"CA Gravel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gravel CA, Douros A (2023) Considerations on the use of different comparators in pharmacovigilance: a methodological review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 89(9):2671\u20132676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.15802","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5080_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03492-6","volume":"79","author":"H Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo H, L P, Guo D, Gao A, Zhao P, Fu A, Li C, Lu J (2023) Analysis of clinical characteristics and automatic monitoring of drug-induced arrhythmias in 167,546 inpatients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 79(6):759\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-023-03492-6","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"5080_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/342009.335372","volume":"8","author":"J Han","year":"2004","unstructured":"Han J, Pei J, yin J, mao R (2004) Mining frequent patterns without candidate generation: a frequent-pattern tree approach\u2217. Data Min Knowl Discov 8:53\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/342009.335372","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl Discov"},{"issue":"3","key":"5080_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.19960\/j.cnki.issn1005-0698.2021.03.007","volume":"30","author":"Jiaxi GHGDLSZBKXYCZYLBW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiaxi GHGDLSZBKXYCZYLBW (2021) Analysis of 1439 cases of drug-induced arrhythmia. Chin J Pharmacoepidemiol 30(3):181\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19960\/j.cnki.issn1005-0698.2021.03.007","journal-title":"Chin J Pharmacoepidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5080_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2005.12.003","volume":"17","author":"D Justo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Justo D, Zeltser D (2006) Torsades de pointes induced by antibiotics. Eur J Intern Med 17(4):254\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2005.12.003","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5080_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13828","volume":"132","author":"BS Kaas\u2010Hansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaas\u2010Hansen BS, Gentile S, Caioli A, Andersen SE (2023) Exploratory pharmacovigilance with machine learning in big patient data: a focused scoping review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 132(3):233\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.13828","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5080_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.11.012","volume":"15","author":"PJ Lenehan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lenehan PJ, Schramm CM, Collins MS (2016) An evaluation strategy for potential QTc prolongation with chronic azithromycin therapy in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 15(2):192\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.11.012","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"4","key":"5080_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01048-23","volume":"11","author":"R Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li R, Ma JB, Yang H, Yang H, Yang XJ, Wu YQ, Ren F (2023) Effects of bedaquiline combined with fluoroquinolone and\/or clofazimine on QT interval in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Microbiol Spectr 11(4):e0104823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01048-23","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5080_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000008273","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu X, Ma J, Huang L, Zhu W, Yuan P, Wan R, Hong K (2017) Fluoroquinolones increase the risk of serious arrhythmias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000008273","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"5080_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1061307","author":"M-R Malekpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malekpour M-R, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Shojaee A, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Ghamari S-H, Rashidi M-M, Namazi Shabestari A, Effatpanah M, Nasehi M, Rezaei M, Farzadfar F (2023) Effect of the chronic medication use on outcome measures of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: evidence from big data. Front Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1061307","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5080_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1086\/319379","volume":"32","author":"LA Mandell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mandell LA, B P, Tillotson G (2001) Antimicrobial safety and tolerability: differences and dilemmas. Clin Infect Dis 32:S72-79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/319379","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"5080_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317721662","volume":"7","author":"AD Meid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meid AD, Bighelli I, M\u00e4chler S, Mikus G, Carr\u00e0 G, Castellazzi M, Lucii C, Martinotti G, Nos\u00e8 M, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Haefeli WE (2017) Combinations of QTc-prolonging drugs: towards disentangling pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in their potentially additive nature. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 7(12):251\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2045125317721662","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5080_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098612454283","volume":"3","author":"S Nachimuthu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nachimuthu S, A M, Schussler JM (2012) Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: mechanisms and clinical management. Ther Adv Drug Saf 3(5):241\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042098612454283","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"5080_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.171615","author":"BN Okeahialam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okeahialam BN (2015) Cardiac dysrhythmia resulting from antibiotic abuse. Niger Med J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0300-1652.171615","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5080_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2014.08.005","volume":"31","author":"MR Pinsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinsky MR (2015) Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Crit Care Clin 31(1):89\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2014.08.005","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"5080_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i12.2899","volume":"9","author":"H Qiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiu H, Li H, Zhang S, Zhou X, Li W (2021) Torsades de pointes episode in a woman with high-grade fever and inflammatory activation: a case report. World J Clin Cases 9(12):2899\u20132907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i12.2899","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"5","key":"5080_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2016.12.023","volume":"3","author":"B Risgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Risgaard B, W B, Jabbari R, Lynge TH, Wissenberg M, Glinge C, Hauns\u00f8 S, Behr ER, Fink-Jensen A, Gislason GH, Tfelt-Hansen J (2017) Sudden cardiac death: pharmacotherapy and proarrhythmic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 3(5):473\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2016.12.023","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5080_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Ccm.0000266683.64081.02","volume":"35","author":"A Rudiger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rudiger A, Singer M (2007) Mechanisms of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Crit Care Med 35(6):1599\u20131608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.Ccm.0000266683.64081.02","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"5080_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000905","author":"JE Tisdale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tisdale JE, Chung MK, Campbell KB, Hammadah M, Joglar JA, Leclerc J, Rajagopalan B (2020) Drug-induced arrhythmias: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000905","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5080_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12948-018-0083-x","author":"MT Ventura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ventura MT, Boni E, Cecere R, Buquicchio R, Calogiuri GF, Martignago I, Incorvaia C, Ridolo E (2018) Importance of hypersensitivity in adverse reactions to drugs in the elderly. Clin Mol Allergy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12948-018-0083-x","journal-title":"Clin Mol Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"5080_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0160-8413","volume":"144","author":"N Voigt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Voigt N, Ort K, Sossalla S (2019) Drug-drug interactions you should know! Dtsch Med Wochenschr 144(4):264\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0160-8413","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"4","key":"5080_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000085057.63483.9b","volume":"82","author":"D Zeltser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zeltser D, J D, Halkin A, Prokhorov V, Heller K, Viskin S (2003) Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 82(4):282\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.md.0000085057.63483.9b","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05080-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05080-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05080-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T02:44:18Z","timestamp":1778208258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05080-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05080-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study is a retrospective study that does not involve patients' personal information, where all personally identifiable information (e.g., names, addresses, contact details) has been removed, retaining only anonymized medical information related to adverse drug reactions. Additionally, our study did not involve direct contact with, intervention in, or additional data collection from human subjects, and the data themselves cannot be traced back to specific individuals. The Ethics Committee of the third affiliated Hospital of CQMU has confirmed that no ethical approval was required.Although no ethics review was conducted, we strictly adhered to the following research ethics principles: using the data solely for statistical analysis of public health and drug safety; refraining from any attempts to re-identify individuals within the dataset; avoiding presentation of information in research reports that might indirectly reveal identities.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}]}}