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Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098 each): Control, HMB (300\u00a0mg\/kg), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and CLP\u2009+\u2009HMB. Lung tissues were analyzed histopathologically, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-\u03baB p65) and caspase 3 (Cas-3) expression was evaluated immunohistochemically, and mRNA expression of C\/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), caspase 12 (Cas-12), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), cytochrome C (Cyt-C), nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2013related factor 2 (NRF2), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was measured at the molecular level. CLP induced upregulation of NF-\u03baB p65, ER stress markers (CHOP, GRP78, Cas-12), and mitochondrial apoptotic proteins (BAX, Cyt-C, Cas-3), while downregulating BCL-2, NRF2, and GPX4 expression. HMB treatment reversed these expression changes and improved lung histopathology. HMB protects lungs in experimental sepsis by inhibiting NF-\u03baB inflammation, reducing ER and mitochondrial apoptosis, and boosting antioxidant defenses via NRF2\/GPX4. These findings support its potential as adjunct therapy for sepsis-induced ALI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05114-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T09:40:44Z","timestamp":1771494044000},"page":"11545-11555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate attenuates sepsis-associated lung injury by regulating NF-\u03baB p65-mediated inflammation, ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4100-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Timuroglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyyup Sabri","family":"Ozden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esma","family":"Selcuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine","family":"Sarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furkan Cagri","family":"Oguzlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3768-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oznur","family":"Kolay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil","family":"Asci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3815-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulku Ceren","family":"Koksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00776","volume":"10","author":"H Arazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arazi H, Hosseini Z, Asadi A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Suzuki K (2019) \u0392-Hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate free acid attenuates oxidative stress induced by a single bout of plyometric exercise. 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