{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T02:08:37Z","timestamp":1783908517404,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05266-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:28:14Z","timestamp":1774672094000},"page":"13589-13598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of polaprezinc as an adjuvant therapy in enhancing fracture healing in adults with closed fractures: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Mohmad Irfan","family":"Nagnur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2329-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Maryam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruhina","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Atiq","family":"Badgail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5266_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2012","volume":"93","author":"AA Boldyrev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boldyrev AA, Aldini G, Derave W (2013) Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiol Rev 93(4):1803\u20131845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00039.2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"5266_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-024-07059-8","volume":"35","author":"M Chandran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chandran M, Akesson KE, Javaid MK, Harvey N, Blank RD, Brandi ML, Chevalley T, Cinelli P, Cooper C, Lems W, Lyritis GP, Makras P, Paccou J, Pierroz DD, Sosa M, Thomas T, Silverman S, Fracture Working Group of the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation, on behalf of the International Osteoporosis Foundation, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Internationale de Chirurgie Orthop\u00e9dique et de Traumatologie (2024) Impact of osteoporosis and osteoporosis medications on fracture healing: a narrative review. Osteoporos Int 35(8):1337\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-024-07059-8","journal-title":"Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"5266_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0413-9","volume":"15","author":"D Clark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark D, Nakamura M, Miclau T, Marcucio R (2017) Effects of aging on fracture healing. Curr Osteoporos Rep 15(6):601\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-017-0413-9","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5266_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101954","volume":"46","author":"K Efthymakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Efthymakis K, Neri M (2022) The role of zinc L-carnosine in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal disease in humans: a review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 46(7):101954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101954","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5266_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i11.1667","volume":"13","author":"S Ehnert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ehnert S, Relja B, Schmidt-Bleek K, Fischer V, Ignatius A, Linnemann C, Rinderknecht H, Huber-Lang M, Kalbitz M, Histing T, Nussler AK (2021) Effects of immune cells on mesenchymal stem cells during fracture healing. World J Stem Cells 13(11):1667\u20131695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i11.1667","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"5266_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","volume":"11","author":"TA Einhorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC (2015) Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 11(1):45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5266_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122845","volume":"15","author":"CL Ekegren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ekegren CL, Edwards ER, de Steiger R, Gabbe BJ (2018) Incidence, costs and predictors of non-union, delayed union and mal-union following long bone fracture. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(12):2845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15122845","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5266_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07768-5","volume":"25","author":"D Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang D, Jiang D, Shi G, Song Y (2024) The association between dietary zinc intake and osteopenia, osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 25(1):710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07768-5","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"5266_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041128","volume":"12","author":"K Furihata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Furihata K, Tsuchikawa M, Miwa T, Naito Y, Oba K, Sakagami M (2020) Efficacy and safety of polaprezinc (Zinc compound) on Zinc deficiency: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials using individual patient data. Nutrients 12(4):1128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12041128","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"5266_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-1383(08)70003-2","volume":"38","author":"PV Giannoudis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Einhorn TA, Marsh D (2007) Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury 38(4):S3\u2013S6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-1383(08)70003-2","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"5266_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.02.030","volume":"51","author":"E G\u00f3mez-Barrena","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Barrena E, Padilla-Eguiluz NG, Garc\u00eda-Rey E, Hern\u00e1ndez-Esteban P, Cordero-Ampuero J, Rubio-Su\u00e1rez JC, REBORNE and ORTHOUNION Research Consortia (2020) Validation of a long bone fracture non-union healing score after treatment with mesenchymal stromal cells combined to biomaterials. Injury 51(1):S55\u2013S62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2020.02.030","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"5266_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.002","volume":"45","author":"DJ Hak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hak DJ, Fitzpatrick D, Bishop JA, Marsh JL, Tilp S, Schnettler R, Simpson H, Alt V (2014) Delayed union and nonunions: epidemiology, clinical issues, and financial aspects. Injury 45(2):S3\u2013S7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.002","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"6","key":"5266_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.035","volume":"42","author":"KD Hankenson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hankenson KD, Dishowitz M, Gray C, Schenker M (2011) Angiogenesis in bone regeneration. Injury 42(6):556\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.035","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"5266_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.05.003","volume":"38","author":"H Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji H, Shen G, Liu H, Liu Y, Qian J, Wan G, Luo E (2024) Biodegradable Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy promotes the bone repair of senile osteoporotic fractures via the immune-modulation of macrophages. Bioact Mater 38:422\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.05.003","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"5266_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4218472","volume":"2017","author":"A Karpouzos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karpouzos A, Diamantis E, Farmaki P, Savvanis S, Troupis T (2017) Nutritional aspects of bone health and fracture healing. J Osteoporos 2017:4218472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4218472","journal-title":"J Osteoporos"},{"issue":"1","key":"5266_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03424-7","volume":"5","author":"EA Ko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ko EA, Park YJ, Yoon DS, Lee KM, Kim J, Jung S, Lee JW, Park KH (2022) Drug repositioning of polaprezinc for bone fracture healing. Commun Biol 5(1):462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-022-03424-7","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5266_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10880","volume":"22","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, Sun Z, Zhang H, Liu Z (2021) Recent advances on polaprezinc for medical use (review). Exp Ther Med 22(6):1445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2021.10880","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"5266_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223867","volume":"16","author":"M Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li M, Deng F, Qiao L, Wen X, Han J (2024) The critical role of trace elements in bone health. Nutrients 16(22):3867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16223867","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5266_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100932","volume":"25","author":"P Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li P, Dai J, Li Y, Alexander D, \u010capek J, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Wan G, Han J, Yu Z, Li A (2023) Zinc based biodegradable metals for bone repair and regeneration: bioactivity and molecular mechanisms. Mater Today Bio 25:100932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100932","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"issue":"23","key":"5266_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312766","volume":"25","author":"JW \u0141uczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u0141uczak JW, Palusi\u0144ska M, Matak D, Pietrzak D, Nakielski P, Lewicki S, Grodzik M, Szyma\u0144ski \u0141 (2024) The future of bone repair: emerging technologies and biomaterials in bone regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 25(23):12766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252312766","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"5266_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","volume":"42","author":"R Marsell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marsell R, Einhorn TA (2011) The biology of fracture healing. Injury 42(6):551\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"10","key":"5266_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0416-z","volume":"466","author":"C Mock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mock C, Cherian MN (2008) The global burden of musculoskeletal injuries: challenges and solutions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466(10):2306\u20132316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-008-0416-z","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5266_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5640","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03631-1","volume":"201","author":"M Molenda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molenda M, Kolmas J (2023) The role of zinc in bone tissue health and regeneration-a review. Biol Trace Elem Res 201(12):5640\u20135651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-023-03631-1","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"5266_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102211","volume":"13","author":"JP O'Connor","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor JP, Kanjilal D, Teitelbaum M, Lin SS, Cottrell JA (2020) Zinc as a therapeutic agent in bone regeneration. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 13(10):2211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13102211","journal-title":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"38","key":"5266_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6178","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i38.6178","volume":"12","author":"T Ohkawara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ohkawara T, Nishihira J, Nagashima R, Takeda H, Asaka M (2006) Polaprezinc protects human colon cells from oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide: relevant to cytoprotective heat shock proteins. World J Gastroenterol 12(38):6178\u20136181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v12.i38.6178","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5266_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2015.006","volume":"28","author":"A Oryan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oryan A, Monazzah S, Bigham-Sadegh A (2015) Bone injury and fracture healing biology. Biomed Environ Sci 28(1):57\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3967\/bes2015.006","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"5266_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163554","volume":"10","author":"DJ Papachristou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papachristou DJ, Georgopoulos S, Giannoudis PV, Panagiotopoulos E (2021) Insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the fracture-healing process: a narrative review. J Clin Med 10(16):3554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10163554","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"5266_CR28","first-page":"93","volume":"11","author":"AS Prasad","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prasad AS (1995) Zinc: an overview. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 11(1 Suppl):93\u201399","journal-title":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif)"},{"issue":"3","key":"5266_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030372","volume":"11","author":"A Roberti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roberti A, Chaffey LE, Greaves DR (2022) NF-\u03baB signaling and inflammation-drug repurposing to treat inflammatory disorders? Biology 11(3):372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11030372","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"5266_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(15)30049-8","volume":"46","author":"E Santolini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santolini E, West R, Giannoudis PV (2015) Risk factors for long bone fracture non-union: a stratification approach based on the level of the existing scientific evidence. Injury 46(Suppl 8):S8\u2013S19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(15)30049-8","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"5266_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v015a05","volume":"15","author":"F Shapiro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shapiro F (2008) Bone development and its relation to fracture repair. The role of mesenchymal osteoblasts and surface osteoblasts. Eur Cells Mater 15:53\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22203\/ecm.v015a05","journal-title":"Eur Cells Mater"},{"key":"5266_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2022.103860","volume":"110","author":"W Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen W, Zhao X, Han Z, Miao Y, Huang H, Zhang Z, Dong L, Nie Y, Li H, Ni R (2022) Efficacy and safety of polaprezinc in the treatment of gastric ulcer: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, positive-controlled clinical trial. Med Eng Phys 110:103860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2022.103860","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"5266_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2014.959412","volume":"37","author":"J Shiota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shiota J, Tagawa H, Izumi N, Higashikawa S, Kasahara H (2015) Effect of zinc supplementation on bone formation in hemodialysis patients with normal or low turnover bone. Ren Fail 37(1):57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2014.959412","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"5266_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050848","volume":"11","author":"C Solana-Manrique","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solana-Manrique C, Sanz FJ, Mart\u00ednez-Carri\u00f3n G, Paricio N (2022) Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of carnosine: therapeutic implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants 11(5):848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11050848","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"3","key":"5266_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.09056fp","volume":"110","author":"K Ueda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ueda K, Ueyama T, Oka M, Ito T, Tsuruo Y, Ichinose M (2009) Polaprezinc (zinc L-carnosine) is a potent inducer of anti-oxidative stress enzyme, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 - a new mechanism of gastric mucosal protection. J Pharmacol Sci 110(3):285\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1254\/jphs.09056fp","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5266_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12020201","volume":"12","author":"Z Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Z, Xiang P, Xu Z, Gu M, Zhang R, Li Y, Chen H, He L, Yi C (2025) The role of magnesium, zinc, and strontium in osteoporotic fracture repair. Bioengineering 12(2):201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering12020201","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"5266_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-011-0852-z","volume":"355","author":"M Yamaguchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yamaguchi M, Weitzmann MN (2011) Zinc stimulates osteoblastogenesis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis by antagonizing NF-\u03baB activation. Mol Cell Biochem 355(1\u20132):179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11010-011-0852-z","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"10","key":"5266_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014637","volume":"98","author":"F Yoshikawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshikawa F, Nakajima T, Hanada M, Hirata K, Masuyama T, Aikawa R (2019) Beneficial effect of polaprezinc on cardiac function post-myocardial infarction: a prospective and randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 98(10):e14637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000014637","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05266-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05266-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05266-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T01:44:30Z","timestamp":1783907070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05266-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["5266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05266-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Owaisi Hospital and Research Centre (IEC No: 2025\/61\/070). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee, and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Written consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}]}}