{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:01:29Z","timestamp":1784779289128,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ongoing Research Funding Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005788","name":"Medical University of Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The usage of potassium bromate (PB) in various consumer items and food and chemical industries poses a serious health risk like nephrotoxicity along with other toxic abuses. The compound elicits mild to severe toxic insults in a dose-dependent way in vivo and can even trigger carcinogenesis if exposed for long. This investigation ascertains the protective effect of naringenin (NIR), a polyphenol, in the PB-challenged rats. The animals were categorized into five treatment groups: Group I (control), and Groups II and III were treated with PB alone (100\u00a0mg\/kg) and NIR alone (20\u00a0mg\/kg), respectively. The groups\u2013 IV and V were administered with NIR at 20 and 40\u00a0mg\/kg in the PB-exposed rats. The animals were killed to get their kidney and blood samples for biochemical, molecular, and histological alaysis. The group II exhibited an enhanced level of renal function and toxicity markers in serum, validating nephrotoxicity. Further, dysregulated redox parameters (GSH and MDA) and suppressed antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) consolidated the same. Group III showed negligible toxicity, with most of the parameters' values close to the control. Intriguingly, groups- IV and V bestowed remarkable alleviation in the PB-induced nephrotoxicity in a dose -dependent way. In addition, the comet assay and histological evaluation further confirmed these findings. The study concludes that NIR effectively protects against PB-induced nephrotoxicity in rats attributed by regulating oxidative stress and promoting structural restoration at both macromolecular and cellular levels. Therefore, NIR is a suitable candidate for use in consumer products containing PB or as a treatment to alleviate nephrotoxicity caused by PB or similar compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05271-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:40:54Z","timestamp":1776818454000},"page":"15183-15197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mitigating effect of naringenin on potassium bromate-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Iftekhar","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Ebaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badar ul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jameel","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Abdelftah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim M.","family":"Alhazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezzat M.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5271_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211033703","volume":"104","author":"AS Abdel-Latif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel-Latif AS, Abu-Risha SE, Bakr SM, El-Kholy WM, El-Sawi MR (2021) Potassium bromate-induced nephrotoxicity and potential curative role of metformin loaded on gold nanoparticles. Sci Prog 104(3):368504211033703","journal-title":"Sci Prog"},{"issue":"6","key":"5271_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17166","volume":"9","author":"JA Adetunji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adetunji JA, Fasae KD, Awe AI et al (2023) The protective roles of Citrus flavonoids, naringenin, and naringin on endothelial cell dysfunction in diseases. Heliyon 9(6):e17166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17166","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5271_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. In: Methods in enzymology, 105:121\u2013126. Academic press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0076-6879(84)05016-3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"5271_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.073","volume":"87","author":"MK Ahmad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmad MK, Mahmood R (2012) Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood. Chemosphere 87:750\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.073","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"5271_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119137","volume":"10","author":"MK Ahmad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmad MK, Khan AA, Ali SN, Mahmood R (2015) Chemoprotective effect of taurine on potassium bromate-induced DNA damage, DNA-protein cross-linking and oxidative stress in rat intestine. PLoS\u00a0ONE 10:e0119137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119137","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"5271_CR6","first-page":"PID50","volume":"2","author":"Z Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed Z, Baig M, Khan LN, Latif R, Ajmal K, Fatima J, Aslam A, Ikram N (2025) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of herbal extracts: mechanism and therapeutic potential. Chronicles Biomed Sci 2(3):PID50","journal-title":"Chronicles Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"5271_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5084","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28135084","volume":"28","author":"IM Alhazza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhazza IM, Hassan I, Ebaid H, Al-Tamimi J, Hasan Z (2023) Zinc oxide nanoparticles blunt potassium-bromate-induced renal toxicity by reinforcing the redox system. Molecules 28(13):5084","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5271_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.102088","volume":"22","author":"K Alhazzani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alhazzani K, Alqarni NN, Aljerian K, Raish M, Aljuffali L, Alshehri S, Alanazi AZ (2025) Naringenin mitigates dasatinib-induced kidney damage by modulating antioxidant defense, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. Int J Med Sci 22(1):110\u2013120","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5271_CR9","first-page":"126","volume":"10","author":"BH Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali BH, Za\u2019abi MA, Karaca T, Suleimani YA, Balushi KAA, Manoj P, Ashique M, Nemmar A (2018) Potassium bromate-induced kidney damage in rats and the effect of gum acacia thereon. Am J Transl Res 10(1):126\u2013137","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"5271_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2022.503481","volume":"878","author":"AA Al-Mareed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Mareed AA, Farah MA, Al-Anazi KM, Hailan WAQ, Ali MA (2022) Potassium bromate-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the blood and liver cells of mice. Mutation Res\/Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagenesis 878:503481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2022.503481","journal-title":"Mutation Res\/Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagenesis"},{"issue":"6","key":"5271_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.28","volume":"15","author":"MA Al-Mosaibih","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Mosaibih MA (2025) Comparative study for evaluation of Ginkgo biloba extract and gold nanoparticle-encapsulated metformin against nephrotoxicity caused by potassium bromate in Sprague Dawley rats. Open Vet J 15(6):2562\u20132572","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"5271_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2017.2400","volume":"33","author":"J Al-Tamimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi J, Semlali A, Hassan I, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Mehdi SH, Al-Khalifa M, Alanazi MS (2018) Samsum ant venom exerts anticancer activity through immunomodulation in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 33(2):65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cbr.2017.2400","journal-title":"Cancer Biother Radiopharm"},{"issue":"17","key":"5271_CR13","volume":"25","author":"SJ Bae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bae SJ, Kim KD, Kim S (2020) Enhancement of naringenin bioavailability through the use of nanocarriers: a review. Molecules 25(17):3923","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"5271_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23386","volume":"299","author":"NA Bayomy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bayomy NA, Soliman GM, Abdelaziz EZ (2016) Effect of potassium bromate on the liver of adult male albino rat and a possible protective role of\u00a0vitamin C: histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study. Anatomical Record (Hoboken, NJ: 2007) 299(9):1256\u20131269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23386","journal-title":"Anatomical Record (Hoboken, NJ: 2007)"},{"key":"5271_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00360","volume":"8","author":"N Bilal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bilal N, Suhail N, Hasan S et al (2017) Exacerbation of nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatotoxicity and DNA damage in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Front Pharmacol 8:360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00360","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"5271_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(78)52032-6","volume":"52","author":"JA Buege","year":"1978","unstructured":"Buege JA, Aust SD (1978) Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 52:302\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0076-6879(78)52032-6","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"5271_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-290-2_7","volume":"979","author":"FK Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan FK, Moriwaki K, De Rosa MJ (2013) Detection of necrosis by release of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Immune Homeostasis: Methods Protocols 979:65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-62703-290-2_7","journal-title":"Immune Homeostasis: Methods Protocols"},{"issue":"5","key":"5271_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-018-2600-1","volume":"144","author":"HS Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi HS, Hwang JS, Lee KY (2018) Naringenin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells: a review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 144(5):809\u2013825","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5271_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112180","volume":"143","author":"H Elsawy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elsawy H, Alzahrani AM, Alfwuaires M, Abdel-Moneim AM, Khalil M (2021) Nephroprotective effect of naringin in methotrexate induced renal toxicity in male rats. Biomed Pharmacother 143:112180","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"5271_CR20","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2021) Potassium bromate: cancer assessment update.\u00a0https:\/\/www.epa.gov"},{"key":"5271_CR21","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2021) Food additives and ingredients: potassium bromate.\u00a0https:\/\/www.fda.gov"},{"key":"5271_CR22","first-page":"162","volume":"135","author":"Y Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao Y, Chen J, Zhang X (2019) Naringenin protects against oxidative stress and inflammation in neuronal cells: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 135:162\u2013172","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5271_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02936-1","volume":"25","author":"V Giradkar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giradkar V, Mhaske A, Shukla R (2024) Naringenin nanocrystals mitigate rotenone neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell line by modulating mitophagy and oxidative stress. AAPS PharmSciTech 25(7):227","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"5","key":"5271_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036273","volume":"7","author":"I Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hassan I, Chibber S, Khan AA, Naseem I (2012) Riboflavin ameliorates Cisplatin induced toxicities under\u00a0photoillumination. PLoS ONE 7(5):e36273","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5271_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.018","volume":"59","author":"I Hassan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hassan I, Chibber S, Naseem I (2013) Vitamin B\u2082: a promising adjuvant in cisplatin based chemoradiotherapy by cellular redox management. Food Chem Toxicol 59:715\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.018","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"5271_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8274261","volume":"2020","author":"I Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan I, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Al-Tamimi J (2020a) The alleviative effect of vitamin B2 on potassium bromate-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Biomed Res Int 2020:8274261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8274261","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"5271_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8274261","volume":"2020","author":"I Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan I, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Al-Tamimi J (2020b) The alleviative effect of vitamin B2 on potassium bromate-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Biomed Res Int 2020(1):8274261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8274261","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"5271_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4856","author":"I Hassan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hassan I, Ebaid H, Islam BU, Al-Tamimi J, Alhazza IM, Khan A, Awad EM (2025) Effect of naringenin on potassium bromate-induced hepatotoxicity In vivo: a dose-dependent study. J Appl Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.4856","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"18","key":"5271_CR29","first-page":"18615","volume":"10","author":"X Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang X, Zhou H, Tan T, Luo Y (2025) Dose-dependent scavenging of methylglyoxal by naringenin in diabetic mice. ACS Omega 10(18):18615\u201318621","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"3","key":"5271_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000136485","volume":"11","author":"DJ Jollow","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR, Zampaglione N, Gillette JR (1974) Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3,4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacology 11(3):151\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000136485","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5271_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs1956.37.258","volume":"37","author":"K Kawana","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kawana K, Nakaoka T, Horiguchi Y, Watanabe S, Watanabe S, Kawauchi S (1991) Toxicological study of potassium bromate I. absorption metabolism and excretion of potassium bromate after oral administration in rats. Jpn J Toxicol Environ Health 37(4):258\u2013265","journal-title":"Jpn J Toxicol Environ Health"},{"key":"5271_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","volume":"2013","author":"S Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar S, Pandey AK (2013) Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Sci World J 2013:162750","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"issue":"4","key":"5271_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15040131","volume":"15","author":"T Lang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lang T, Lipp A-M, Wechselberger C (2025) Xenobiotic toxicants and particulate matter: effects, mechanisms, impacts on human health, and mitigation strategies. J Xenobiotics 15(4):131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jox15040131","journal-title":"J Xenobiotics"},{"issue":"3","key":"5271_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","volume":"47","author":"S Marklund","year":"1974","unstructured":"Marklund S, Marklund G (1974) Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 47(3):469\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"5271_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121309","volume":"9","author":"S Parham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parham S, Kharazi AZ, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Nur H, Ismail AF, Sharif S, RamaKrishna S, Berto F (2020) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral properties of herbal materials. Antioxidants 9(12):1309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9121309","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"3","key":"5271_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24619","volume":"10","author":"Y Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng Y, Qu R, Xu S, Bi H, Guo D (2024) Regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potentials of naringin against inflammatory disorders. Heliyon 10(3):e24619","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"5271_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.01.001","volume":"10","author":"N Sahu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sahu N, Mishra G, Chandra HK, Nirala SK, Bhadauria M (2019) Naringenin mitigates antituberculosis drugs induced hepatic and renal injury in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 10(1):26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.01.001","journal-title":"J Tradit Complement Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5271_CR38","first-page":"123","volume":"38","author":"R Schoeny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schoeny R, McCormick S (2020) Chronic effects of potassium bromate in animal models: implications for human health. J Environ Sci Health C 38(3):123\u2013145","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C"},{"issue":"6","key":"5271_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2024.10511","volume":"24","author":"E Valle-Vel\u00e1zquez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valle-Vel\u00e1zquez E, Zambrano-V\u00e1squez OR, Cort\u00e9s-Camacho F, S\u00e1nchez-Lozada LG, Guevara-Balc\u00e1zar G, Osorio-Alonso H (2024) Naringenin - a potential nephroprotective agent for diabetic kidney disease: a comprehensive review of scientific evidence. Biomol Biomed 24(6):1441\u20131451","journal-title":"Biomol Biomed"},{"key":"5271_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.12.004","volume":"54","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Qi Y, Niu X, Tang H, Meydani SN, Wu D (2018) Dietary naringenin supplementation attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating autoimmune inflammatory responses in mice. J Nutr Biochem 54:130\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.12.004","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"14","key":"5271_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1870035","volume":"62","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu X-J, Chen J-B, Cao J-P, Li X, Sun C-D (2022) Citrus flavonoids and their antioxidant evaluation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62(14):3833\u20133854","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"5271_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25084-7","volume":"12","author":"E Yal\u00e7in","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7in E, \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu K (2022) Toxicity assessment of potassium bromate and the remedial role of grape seed extract. Sci Rep 12:20529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-25084-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05271-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05271-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05271-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T03:05:58Z","timestamp":1784775958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05271-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05271-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The authors requested that the Funding section be corrected to: \"The research was funded by the Ongoing Research Funding Program (ORF-2026-366) of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\"","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have nothing to report.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}