{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:26Z","timestamp":1789981286443,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05581-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T02:45:44Z","timestamp":1782096344000},"page":"19259-19280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MTA-NPs induce preferential cytotoxicity, oxidative DNA damage, and mitochondrial apoptosis in human Hep-G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Hanan R. H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana W.","family":"Mofadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine W.","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassema E.","family":"Elnewihy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassant","family":"Haitham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basma M. I.","family":"El-Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehan","family":"Safwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2104841","volume":"37","author":"EA Abdelsalam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelsalam EA, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Eldehna WM, El Hassab MA, Marzouk HMM, Elaasser MM, Abou Taleb NA, Amin KM, Abdel-Aziz HA, Ghosh P, Hammad SF (2022) Discovery of novel thiazolyl-pyrazolines as dual EGFR and VEGFR-2 inhibitors endowed with in vitro antitumor activity towards non-small lung cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 37(1):2265\u20132282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14756366.2022.2104841","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02368-w","volume":"24","author":"KM Abdullah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdullah KM, Sharma G, Singh AP, Siddiqui JA (2025) Nanomedicine in cancer therapeutics: current perspectives from bench to bedside. Mol Cancer 24(1):169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-025-02368-w","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"5581_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17030131","volume":"17","author":"A Aka","year":"2026","unstructured":"Aka A, Matsuura T, Yoshimura A (2026) Evaluation of the physicochemical and biological properties of calcium-silicate-based root-end filling materials. J Funct Biomater 17(3):131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb17030131","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"issue":"7","key":"5581_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13070207","volume":"13","author":"N Amin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amin N, Anwar J, Sulaiman A, Naumova NN, Anwar N (2025) Hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review. Diseases 13(7):207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases13070207","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"5581_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asil SM, Narayan M (2021) The multifaceted function of nanoparticles in modulating oxidative stress in cancer therapy. In: Chakraborti, S. (eds) Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects. Springer, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-1247-3_115-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1247-3_115-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"5581_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61112013","volume":"61","author":"A Ayna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ayna A, Caglayan C, Taysi S (2025) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage and repair. Medicina (Kaunas) 61(11):2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina61112013","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"5581_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2020.10.001","volume":"149","author":"S Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty S, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2021) Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): epidemiology, etiology and molecular classification. Adv Cancer Res 149:1\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acr.2020.10.001","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5581_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v17.i11.110735","volume":"17","author":"MOK Elsayed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elsayed MOK (2025) Treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: the current standards and future perspectives. World J Gastrointest Oncol 17(11):110735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4251\/wjgo.v17.i11.110735","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"5581_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.01.023","volume":"130","author":"HSA El-Zahabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Zahabi HSA, Khalifa MMA, Gado YMH, Farrag AM, Elaasser MM, Safwat NA, AbdelRaouf RR, Arafa RK (2019) New thiobarbituric acid scaffold-based small molecules: synthesis, cytotoxicity, 2D-QSAR, pharmacophore modelling and in-silico ADME screening. Eur J Pharm Sci 130:124\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.01.023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5581_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1159\/000539349","volume":"33","author":"F Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng F, Zhao Y (2024) Hepatocellular carcinoma: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Med Princ Pract 33(5):414\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000539349","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"5581_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-013-0190-9","volume":"55","author":"L Grzybowska-Szatkowska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grzybowska-Szatkowska L, \u015alaska B (2014) Mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase polymorphisms are associated with breast cancer in Poland. J Appl Genet 55:173\u2013181","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"key":"5581_CR12","unstructured":"Guan X, Guan Y (2020) Artemisinin induces selective and potent anticancer effects in drug resistant breast cancer cells by inducing cellular apoptosis and autophagy and G2\/M cell cycle arrest. J Buon 25(3):1330\u20131336"},{"issue":"21","key":"5581_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.21.009","volume":"8","author":"C Guo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo C, Sun L, Chen X, Zhang D (2013) Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 8(21):2003\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.21.009","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"5581_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hazarika D, Sarma S, Shankarishan P (2024) Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics, diagnosis, and management. BioTechnologia (Pozn) 105(3):287\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/bta.2024.141807","DOI":"10.5114\/bta.2024.141807"},{"key":"5581_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2025.103899","volume":"154","author":"X He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He X, Chen F, Zhou L, Sun Y, Liu Q, Chen W, Zhu L, Zhang J, Zhu WG (2025) The comet assay: a contemporary approach for detecting genomic instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 154:103899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dnarep.2025.103899","journal-title":"DNA Repair (Amst)"},{"issue":"14","key":"5581_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145305","volume":"28","author":"Y Herdiana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herdiana Y, Sriwidodo S, Sofian FF, Wilar G, Diantini A (2023) Nanoparticle-based antioxidants in stress signaling and programmed cell death in breast cancer treatment. Molecules 28(14):5305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28145305","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188556","volume":"1876","author":"LJ Hern\u00e1ndez Borrero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez Borrero LJ, El-Deiry WS (2021) Tumor suppressor p53: biology, signaling pathways, and therapeutic targeting. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1876(1):188556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188556","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010088","volume":"12","author":"HJ Ho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho HJ, Shirakawa H (2022) Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Cells 12(1):88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12010088","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"5581_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v12i2.20","volume":"12","author":"S Honary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Honary S, Zahir F (2013) Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems \u2013 a review (part 2). Trop J Pharm Res 12(2):265\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/tjpr.v12i2.20","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res"},{"key":"5581_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu B, Gao Q (2026) Global Advances in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Research and Therapy in 2025. Cancer Innov 5(2):e70059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cai2.70059","DOI":"10.1002\/cai2.70059"},{"issue":"4","key":"5581_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c05208","volume":"93","author":"HSN Jayawardena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayawardena HSN, Liyanage SH, Rathnayake K, Patel U, Yan M (2021) Analytical methods for characterization of nanomaterial surfaces. Anal Chem 93(4):1889\u20131911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c05208","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"5581_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.98","volume":"9","author":"J Jeevanandam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeevanandam J, Barhoum A, Chan YS, Dufresne A, Danquah MK (2018) Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 9:1050\u20131074","journal-title":"Beilstein J Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5581_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","volume":"12","author":"I Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I (2019) Nanoparticles: properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem 12(7):908\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","journal-title":"Arab J Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"5581_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122657","volume":"14","author":"T Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan T, Waseem R, Zehra Z, Aiman A, Bhardwaj P, Ansari J, Hassan MI, Islam A (2022) Mitochondrial dysfunction: pathophysiology and mitochondria-targeted drug delivery approaches. Pharmaceutics 14(12):2657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122657","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"5581_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032037","volume":"24","author":"R Kr\u0119towski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kr\u0119towski R, Jab\u0142o\u0144ska-Trypu\u0107 A, Cechowska-Pasko M (2023) The effect of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) on cytotoxicity, induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. Int J Mol Sci 24(3):2037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24032037","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5581_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar S, Shukla A, Singh SP, Singh RK, Patel AK, Verma PK, Kumar S, Kumar N, Singh V, Wasnik K, Acharya A (2024a) Synthesized gold nanoparticles with Moringa oleifera leaf extract induce mitotic arrest (G2\/M phase) and apoptosis in Dalton\u2019s lymphoma cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 82(2):1043\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-024-01257-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01257-1"},{"key":"5581_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar N, Shukla A, Kumar S, Ulasov I, Singh RK, Kumar S, Patel A, Yadav L, Tiwari R, Paswan R, Mohanta SP, Kaushalendra AJ, Acharya A (2024b) FNC (4\u2019-azido-2\u2019-deoxy-2\u2019-fluoro(arbino)cytidine) as an effective therapeutic agent for NHL: ROS generation, cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 82(2):623\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-023-01193-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-023-01193-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"5581_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042192","volume":"7","author":"CY Lai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lai CY, Tsai AC, Chen MC, Chang LH, Sun HL, Chang YL, Chen CC, Teng CM, Pan SL (2013) Aciculatin induces p53-dependent apoptosis via mdm2 depletion in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE 7(8):e42192","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5581_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00266","volume":"6","author":"SA Langie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Langie SA, Azqueta A, Collins AR (2015) The comet assay: past, present, and future. Front Genet 6:266","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"5581_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5483\/bmbrep.2018.51.6.232","volume":"51","author":"YK Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee YK, Yi EY, Park SY, Jang WJ, Han YS, Jegal ME, Kim YJ (2018) Mitochondrial dysfunction suppresses p53 expression via calcium-mediated nuclear factor-kB signaling in HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. BMB Rep 51(6):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5483\/bmbrep.2018.51.6.232","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5581_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70268","volume":"6","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Liu J, Wang Y, Deng F, Deng Z (2020) Oxidative stress: signaling pathways, biological functions, and disease. MedComm (2020) 6(7):e70268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70268","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"5","key":"5581_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11560","volume":"37","author":"R Mandelkow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mandelkow R, G\u00fcmbel D, Ahrend H, Kaul A, Zimmermann U, Burchardt M, Stope MB (2017) Detection and quantification of nuclear morphology changes in apoptotic cells by fluorescence microscopy and subsequent analysis of visualized fluorescent signals. Anticancer Res 37(5):2239\u20132244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/anticanres.11560","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5581_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70385","volume":"6","author":"J Mei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mei J, Ding P, Gao C, Zhou J, Li Z, Zhang C, Gao J (2020) Mitochondrial diseases: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic advances. MedComm 6(9):e70385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70385","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"5581_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Yehia AH (2026) Bioactive glass nanoparticles induce strong preferential cytotoxicity and excessive ROS-mediated oxidative stress and apoptotic genomic DNA damage in non-small lung cancer cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 399(3):3411\u20133426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04636-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04636-4"},{"key":"5581_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Elberry YA, Magdy H, Ismail M, Michael M, Eltayeb N, Safwat G (2025a) Erbium oxide nanoparticles induce potent cell death, genomic instability and ROS-mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis in U937 lymphoma cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-03962-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03962-x"},{"key":"5581_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Michael M, Elberry Y, Magdy H, Ismail M, Eltayeb N, Safwat G, Diab A (2025b) Induction of potent preferential cell death, severe DNA damage and p53-independent ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis by CaTiO3NPs in HNO-97 tongue cancer cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 398(12):17121\u201317133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04323-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04323-4"},{"key":"5581_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Magdy H, Elberry Y, Ismail M, Michael M, Eltayeb N, Safwat G, Diab A (2025c) Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles induce apoptotic cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells through over ROS-driven genomic instability and mitochondrial dysfunction. Sci Rep 15(1):40356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26135-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26135-5"},{"key":"5581_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Mohamed BA, Hakeem GM, Elnawasani SH, Nagy M, Essam R, Diab A, Safwat G (2025d) Cobalt oxide nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity and excessive ROS mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and p53-independent apoptosis in melanoma cells. Sci Rep 15(1):2220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85691-y"},{"key":"5581_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Elhaggan SO, Hekal RS, Fahmy CWH, Noure Z, Ahmed N, Diab A, Safwat G (2026a) Yttrium oxide nanoparticles induce potent selective cytotoxicity in HeLa cervical cance cells through ROS-mediated genomic instability and mitochondrial apoptosis. Sci Rep 16(1):12239.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-45693-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45693-w"},{"key":"5581_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Borai ME, Mosaad S, Osman AA, Elsewedy AH, Zaki HM, Diab A, Safwat G (2026b) Bioactive glass nanoparticles induce intrinsic p53-dependent apoptosis and promote genomic instability via ROS overproduction and mitochondrial depolarization in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 16(1):809.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-32827-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32827-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"5581_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04731-6","volume":"399","author":"HRH Mohamed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mohamed HRH, Osman AA, Mosaad S, Elsewedy AH, Zaki HM, Borai ME, Aref AM, Safwat G (2026c) Bioactive glass nanoparticles induce pronounced cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 cells through ROS-mediated genomic instability and mitochondrial apoptosis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 399(4):5855\u20135872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04731-6","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5581_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70018","volume":"75","author":"D Moris","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moris D, Martinino A, Schiltz S, Allen PJ, Barbas A, Sudan D, King L, Berg C, Kim C, Bashir M, Palta M, Morse MA, Lidsky ME (2025) Advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview of the current and evolving therapeutic landscape for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 75(6):498\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.70018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"5581_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55\u201363","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"5581_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nabeel M, Abu-Seida AM, Elgendy AA, Tawfik HM (2024) Biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine as root-end filling materials: an in vivo study. Sci Rep 14(1):3568.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53872-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53872-w"},{"issue":"8","key":"5581_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i8.1243","volume":"29","author":"R Nevola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nevola R, Ruocco R, Criscuolo L, Villani A, Alfano M, Beccia D, Imbriani S, Claar E, Cozzolino D, Sasso FC, Marrone A, Adinolfi LE, Rinaldi L (2023) Predictors of early and late hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. World J Gastroenterol 29(8):1243\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v29.i8.1243","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"5581_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.12.013","volume":"18","author":"AR Poetsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poetsch AR (2020) The genomics of oxidative DNA damage, repair, and resulting mutagenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 18:207\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.12.013","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"5581_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3.12.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140856.tx0312s65","volume":"65","author":"X Pu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pu X, Wang Z, Klaunig JE (2015) Alkaline comet assay for assessing DNA damage in individual cells. Curr Protoc Toxicol 65:3.12.1-3.12.11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471140856.tx0312s65","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Toxicol"},{"key":"5581_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.941826","volume":"10","author":"C Pushpalatha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pushpalatha C, Dhareshwar V, Sowmya SV, Augustine D, Vinothkumar TS, Renugalakshmi A, Shaiban A, Kakti A, Bhandi SH, Dubey A, Rai AV, Patil S (2022) Modified mineral trioxide aggregate-a versatile dental material: an insight on applications and newer advancements. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10:941826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.941826","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"5581_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.985363","volume":"12","author":"S Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian S, Wei Z, Yang W, Huang J, Yang Y, Wang J (2022) The role of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis and cancer therapy. Front Oncol 12:985363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.985363","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5581_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-017-2464-9","volume":"143","author":"MH Raza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raza MH, Siraj S, Arshad A, Waheed U, Aldakheel F, Alduraywish S, Arshad M (2017) ROS-modulated therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 143(9):1789\u20131809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-017-2464-9","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5581_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073251","volume":"27","author":"Z Sabeel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sabeel Z, Chen R, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhang W, Pan S, Ying L, Yu C, Yang Z (2026) Preclinical evaluation of triptophenolide-induced apoptosis in hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH7) cell lines. Int J Mol Sci 27(7):3251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27073251","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02773-z.PMID:40445470;PMCID:PMC12125458","volume":"16","author":"S Sadrinasab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadrinasab S, Saket S, Pourmohammadi N, Khosravi F, Fakhr MS (2025) Modern therapeutic approaches for hepatic tumors: progress, limitations, and future directions. Discov Oncol 16(1):959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-02773-z.PMID:40445470;PMCID:PMC12125458","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06660-5","volume":"8","author":"S Saingern","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saingern S, Monmaturapoj N, Sinsareekul C, Kamnoedboon P, Osathanon T, Srinivasan M, Chivatxaranukul P, Singthong T, Makornpan C, Nantanapiboon D (2025) The comparison of physicochemical and bioactivity properties of different nanoparticles modified calcium silicate-based cement. BMC Oral Health 8(1):1335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06660-5","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"5581_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shehab NF, Hasan NH, Dawood AE, Khalaf NA (2025) Advanced structural and compositional profiling of mineral trioxide aggregate incorporated with nano-carbonated hydroxyapatite: a comprehensive X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray investigation. Biomater Investig Dent 12:45065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/biid.v12.45065","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v12.45065"},{"issue":"6","key":"5581_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.06.008","volume":"24","author":"MA Siddiqui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Siddiqui MA, Kashyap MP, Kumar V, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J, Pant AB (2010) Protective potential of trans-resveratrol against 4-hydroxynonenal induced damage in PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 24(6):1592\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.06.008","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2000.4810","volume":"256","author":"NP Singh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Singh NP (2000) A simple method for accurate estimation of apoptotic cells. Exp Cell Res 256(1):328\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/excr.2000.4810","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"5581_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6175804","volume":"2019","author":"AV Snezhkina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Kardymon OL, Savvateeva MV, Melnikova NV, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA (2019) ROS generation and antioxidant defense systems in normal and malignant cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:6175804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/6175804","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81384-0","volume":"14","author":"H Subramaniam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subramaniam H, Lim CK, Tey LH, Wong LS, Djearamane S (2024) Oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity of HCC2998 colon carcinoma cells by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from Calophyllum teysmannii. Sci Rep 14(1):30198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-81384-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5581_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/29.7.323","volume":"29","author":"K Suzuki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Suzuki K, Kazui T, Yoshida M, Uno T, Kobayashi T, Kimura T, Yoshida T, Sugimura H (1999) Drug-induced apoptosis and p53, BCL-2 and BAX expression in breast cancer tissues in vivo and in fibroblast cells in vitro. Jpn J Clin Oncol 29(7):323\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jjco\/29.7.323","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5581_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9576930","volume":"2020","author":"RM Talabani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talabani RM, Garib BT, Masaeli R (2020) Bioactivity and physicochemical properties of three calcium silicate-based cements: an in vitro study. Biomed Res Int 2020:9576930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/9576930","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.7b09619","volume":"122","author":"H Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang H, Zhang H, Ye H, Zheng Y (2018) Receptor-mediated endocytosis of nanoparticles: roles of shapes, orientations, and rotations of nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 122(1):171\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jpcb.7b09619","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"5581_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"35","author":"RR Tice","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tice RR, Agurell E, Anerson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H et al (2000) Single cell gel\/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutagen 35:206\u2013221","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"5581_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tu J, Wang B, Wang X, Huo K, Hu W, Zhang R, Li J, Zhu S, Liang Q, Han S (2024) Current status and new directions for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Liver Res 8(4):218\u2013236.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livres.2024.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2024.12.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"5581_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123202","volume":"10","author":"D T\u00fcmen","year":"2022","unstructured":"T\u00fcmen D, Heumann P, G\u00fclow K, Demirci CN, Cosma LS, M\u00fcller M, Kandulski A (2022) Pathogenesis and current treatment strategies of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomedicines 10(12):3202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10123202","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"9","key":"5581_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_393_25","volume":"28","author":"M Vandekar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vandekar M, Pendse G, Toprani N, Hulyal SU, Panikkar P, Tewary E (2025) Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate with and without silver nanoparticles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Conserv Dent Endod 28(9):859\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_393_25","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00656-1","volume":"14","author":"J Venturini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Venturini J, Chakraborty A, Baysal MA, Tsimberidou AM (2025) Developments in nanotechnology approaches for the treatment of solid tumors. Exp Hematol Oncol 14(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40164-025-00656-1","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5581_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-022-05643-9","volume":"25","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang P, Shen T, Sun Y, Cui X, Liu C, Yuan Y, Qian J (2023) Selective killing of cancer cells by silica nanoparticles due to increased nanoparticle internalization and cellular sensitivity to oxidative stress. J Nanopart Res 25(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11051-022-05643-9","journal-title":"J Nanopart Res"},{"key":"5581_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ye L, Fu X, Li Q (2020) Mitochondrial quality control in health and disease. MedComm 6(8):e70319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70319","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70319"},{"issue":"3","key":"5581_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.12.011","volume":"189","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jiang L, Jiang L, Geng C, Li L, Shao J, Zhong L (2011) Possible involvement of oxidative stress in potassium bromate-induced genotoxicity in human HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 189(3):186\u2013191","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"23","key":"5581_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312928","volume":"25","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Xu J, Long Y, Maimaitijiang A, Su Z, Li W, Li J (2024) Unraveling the guardian: p53\u2019s multifaceted role in the DNA damage response and tumor treatment strategies. Int J Mol Sci 25(23):12928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252312928","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5581_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","volume":"94","author":"DB Zorov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ (2014) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev 94(3):909\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05581-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05581-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05581-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:11:25Z","timestamp":1789978285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05581-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05581-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for participation","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}