{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:08:07Z","timestamp":1785553687070,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05760-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1785551694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective effects of ginseng against reproductive injury: mechanisms and research progress"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5760_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.12.025","volume":"97","author":"G Ahmad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmad G, Moinard N, Esquerr\u00e9-Lamare C, Mieusset R, Bujan L (2012) Mild induced testicular and epididymal hyperthermia alters sperm chromatin integrity in men. Fertil Steril 97(3):546\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.12.025","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-025-00573-y","volume":"33","author":"F Alsaikhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alsaikhan F (2025) In vitro evaluation of CeO(2) nanoparticles on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity: focused on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function. Daru 33(2):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40199-025-00573-y","journal-title":"Daru"},{"issue":"30","key":"5760_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867331666230724124013","volume":"31","author":"F Alsaikhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alsaikhan F, Jasim SA, Margiana R et al (2024) Recent update on the protective potentials of resveratrol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: a systematic review. Curr Med Chem 31(30):4850\u20134866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867331666230724124013","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000781","volume":"29","author":"LHK Arendt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arendt LHK, Lindhard MSN, Henriksen TB et al (2018) Maternal diabetes mellitus and genital anomalies in male offspring: a nationwide cohort study in 2 Nordic countries. Epidemiology 29(2):280\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ede.0000000000000781","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"5760_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.098","volume":"206","author":"C Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai C, Chen R, Tan L et al (2022) Effects of multi-frequency ultrasonic on the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides from different parts of ginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 206:896\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.098","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"5760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.07.006","volume":"84","author":"M Bandak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bandak M, J\u00f8rgensen N, Juul A et al (2017) Leydig cell dysfunction, systemic inflammation and metabolic syndrome in long-term testicular cancer survivors. Eur J Cancer 84:9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.07.006","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"5760_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.01.036","volume":"307","author":"C Barbier De Reulle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barbier De Reulle C, Rebotier M, Chopin N et al (2025) Mucinous ovarian carcinoma: impact of ovarian stimulation, hormonal contraception, and hormone replacement therapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 307:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.01.036","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"5760_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2025.08.034","author":"T Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao T, Liu S, Wang F et al (2025) Insufficient telomeric DNA damage response promotes chromosomal instability in aged oocytes. Sci Bull. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scib.2025.08.034","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"5760_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cassuto NG, Ruoso L, Keromnes G et al (2024) P-029 genome-wide microRNA expression profiling in human spermatozoa and its relation to sperm quality. Hum Reprod 39(Supplement_1):deae108-deae330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.330","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.330"},{"key":"5760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.134","volume":"125","author":"F Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen F, Huang G (2019) Antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from different sources of ginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 125:906\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.134","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"5760_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112183","volume":"143","author":"AA Choudhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choudhury AA, Rajeswari VD (2021) Gestational diabetes mellitus-a metabolic and reproductive disorder. Biomed Pharmacother 143:112183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112183","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"5760_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198506000-00195","volume":"19","author":"JI Delic","year":"1985","unstructured":"Delic JI, Shalet SM, Hendry JH, Morris ID (1985) 175 influence of age and pubertal status on radiation-induced testicular damage in the rat. Pediatr Res 19(6):632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-198506000-00195","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"5760_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1415455","volume":"11","author":"C Di Berardino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Berardino C, Barceviciute U, Camerano Spelta Rapini C et al (2024) High-fat diet-negative impact on female fertility: from mechanisms to protective actions of antioxidant matrices. Front Nutr 11:1415455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1415455","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"5760_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156204","volume":"136","author":"Z Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong Z, Shen Q, Zhu H et al (2025) Efficacy and safety of YOXINTINE for depression: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 clinical trial. Phytomedicine 136:156204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156204","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"5760_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118953","volume":"218","author":"W Dou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dou W, Wu Z, Huang C et al (2024) Strategic enrichment of ocotillol-type ginsenosides f11, RT5 and ocotillol from Panax quinquefolium. Ind Crops Prod 218:118953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118953","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"5760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2578-x","volume":"11","author":"X Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du X, Li Q, Yang L, Liu L, Cao Q, Li Q (2020) SMAD4 activates wnt signaling pathway to inhibit granulosa cell apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 11(5):373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-020-2578-x","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70300","volume":"25","author":"N Dudko","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dudko N, Ilcikova T, Novotna N et al (2026) Oocyte age-dependent DNA damage can be reverted by the DNA repair competent karyoplasm of young oocytes. Aging Cell 25(1):e70300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.70300","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"18","key":"5760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810574","volume":"23","author":"S Dutta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dutta S, Sengupta P, Das S, Slama P, Roychoudhury S (2022) Reactive nitrogen species and male reproduction: physiological and pathological aspects. Int J Mol Sci 23(18):10574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231810574","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5760_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.01.003","volume":"66","author":"W Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z et al (2024) Rare ginsenosides: a unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 66:303\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2024.01.003","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101594","volume":"36","author":"MM Fran\u00e7a","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a MM, Mendonca BB (2022) Genetics of ovarian insufficiency and defects of folliculogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 36(1):101594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101594","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205548","volume":"16","author":"B Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu B, Ma R, Liu F et al (2024) New insights into ginsenoside rg1 regulating the niche to inhibit age-induced germline stem cells depletion through targeting ECR\/BMP signaling pathway in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 16(4):3612\u20133630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.205548","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"5760_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119746","volume":"347","author":"X Fu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fu X, Jing Y, Yang R et al (2025) Guhan yangsheng jing mitigates oxidative stress and ferroptosis to improve reproductive damage in diabetic male rats. J Ethnopharmacol 347:119746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119746","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010031","volume":"20","author":"ANS Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez ANS, Gos\u00e1lvez J, Agarwal A, Roy R, Johnston S (2018) DNA damage and repair in human reproductive cells. Int J Mol Sci 20(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20010031","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5858\/2001-125-0260-xsao","volume":"125","author":"Y Gray","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gray Y, Libbey NP (2001) Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis and oophoritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125(2):260\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2001-125-0260-xsao","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"5760_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab517","author":"M Grossmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grossmann M, Wittert GA (2021) Dysregulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013testicular axis due to energy deficit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab517","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"5760_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0982-5","volume":"26","author":"JJ Grzymski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grzymski JJ, Elhanan G, Morales Rosado JA et al (2020) Population genetic screening efficiently identifies carriers of autosomal dominant diseases. Nat Med 26(8):1235\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0982-5","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5760_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115679","volume":"268","author":"H Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo H, Yang Y, Lou Y et al (2023) Apoptosis and DNA damage mediated by ROS involved in male reproductive toxicity in mice induced by nickel. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 268:115679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115679","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"16","key":"5760_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13162497","volume":"13","author":"B Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo B, Liang Y, Fu B et al (2024) Integrated analysis of ginsenoside content and biomarker changes in processed ginseng: implications for anti-cancer mechanisms. Foods 13(16):2497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13162497","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"5760_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142030","volume":"357","author":"C Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo C, Wang Q, Shuai P et al (2024) Radiation and male reproductive system: damage and protection. Chemosphere 357:142030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142030","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"5760_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae020","volume":"30","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Y, Xue L, Tang W et al (2024) Ovarian microenvironment: challenges and opportunities in protecting against chemotherapy-associated ovarian damage. Hum Reprod Update 30(5):614\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmae020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"5760_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673262122231011172100","volume":"32","author":"J Gupta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gupta J, Almulla AF, Jalil AT et al (2025) Melatonin in chemo\/radiation therapy; implications for normal tissues sparing and tumor suppression: an updated review. Curr Med Chem 32(3):511\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0109298673262122231011172100","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"15","key":"5760_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.06.014","volume":"56","author":"M Guzzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guzzo M, Sanderlin AG, Castro LK, Laub MT (2021) Activation of a signaling pathway by the physical translocation of a chromosome. Dev Cell 56(15):2145\u20132159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.06.014","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"39","key":"5760_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230130115332","volume":"30","author":"T Hariyanti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hariyanti T, Margiana R, Al-Gazally ME et al (2023) The protective effects of silymarin on the reproductive toxicity: a comprehensive review. Curr Med Chem 30(39):4421\u20134449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867330666230130115332","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"5760_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217693323","volume":"242","author":"L He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He L, Ling L, Wei T, Wang Y, Xiong Z (2017) Ginsenoside rg1 improves fertility and reduces ovarian pathological damages in premature ovarian failure model of mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 242(7):683\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1535370217693323","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11675","volume":"23","author":"L He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He L, Wang X, Cheng D, Xiong Z, Liu X (2021) Ginsenoside rg1 improves pathological damages by activating the p21\u2013p53-STK pathway in ovary and bax-bcl2 in the uterus in premature ovarian insufficiency mouse models. Mol Med Rep 23(1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2020.11675","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5760_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.12.017","volume":"11","author":"M Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z (2021) Ginsenosides in panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 11(7):1813\u20131834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.12.017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"5760_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114049","volume":"244","author":"L Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou L, Fu Y, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H, Yin S (2022) Ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin can cause reproductive toxicity via endocrine signaling pathways. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 244:114049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114049","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2023.102097","volume":"26","author":"JH Hou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hou JH, He Y, Ma Y et al (2023) Identification and expression specificity of chemosensory genes in the male reproductive system of Spodoptera exigua. J Asia Pac Entomol 26(2):102097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aspen.2023.102097","journal-title":"J Asia Pac Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001417","volume":"82","author":"X Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang X, Zhang T, Gao X, Huan X, Li Y (2023) Novel antiplatelet activity of ginsenoside re through the inhibition of high shear stress-induced platelet aggregation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 82(1):40\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001417","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2024.0126","volume":"16","author":"XC Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang XC, Jiang YN, Bao HJ et al (2024) Role and mechanism of epigenetic regulation in the aging of germ cells: prospects for targeted interventions. Aging Dis 16(1):146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/ad.2024.0126","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"5760_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107611","volume":"212","author":"J Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang J, Wang Z, Li F et al (2025) Ginseng polysaccharides circumvent acquired resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmacol Res 212:107611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107611","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5760_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.98","volume":"14","author":"CFS Jensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jensen CFS, \u00d8stergren P, Dupree JM, Ohl DA, S\u00f8nksen J, Fode M (2017) Varicocele and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol 14(9):523\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2017.98","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5760_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.11.024","volume":"117","author":"H J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen H, Fedorcsak P, Isaacson K et al (2022) Endometrial cytokines in patients with and without endometriosis evaluated for infertility. Fertil Steril 117(3):629\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.11.024","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"5760_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1546041","volume":"16","author":"W Ju","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ju W, Zhao S, Li D, Zhang J, Xiang S, Lian F (2025) Targeting programmed cell death with natural products: a potential therapeutic strategy for diminished ovarian reserve and fertility preservation. Front Pharmacol 16:1546041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1546041","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1770-6","volume":"63","author":"AK Kalsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kalsi AK, Halder A, Jain M, Chaturvedi PK, Sharma JB (2019) Prevalence and reproductive manifestations of macroprolactinemia. Endocrine 63(2):332\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-018-1770-6","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"5760_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang C, Punjani N, Lee RK, Li PS, Goldstein M (2022) Effect of varicoceles on spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol: 114\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.11.003. (Elsevier)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.11.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-022-10002-1","volume":"24","author":"JM Ketchem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ketchem JM, Bowman EJ, Isales CM (2023) Male sex hormones, aging, and inflammation. Biogerontology 24(1):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-022-10002-1","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"9","key":"5760_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4765-4","volume":"27","author":"YS Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim YS, Kim TEJ, Lim HK et al (2017) Preservation of the endometrial enhancement after magnetic resonance imaging-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of submucosal uterine fibroids. Eur Radiol 27(9):3956\u20133965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4765-4","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.10.002","volume":"41","author":"DG Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee DG, Lee J, Cho IH et al (2017) Ginsenoside rg12, a new dammarane-type triterpene saponin from Panax ginseng root. J Ginseng Res 41(4):531\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.10.002","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6960","volume":"35","author":"JY Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JY, Choi HY, Park CS, Kim DH, Yune TY (2021) Total saponin extract, ginsenoside rb1, and compound k alleviate peripheral and central neuropathic pain through estrogen receptors on rats. Phytother Res 35(4):2119\u20132132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.6960","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01178-2","volume":"56","author":"J Leem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leem J, Lee C, Choi DY, Oh JS (2024) Distinct characteristics of the DNA damage response in mammalian oocytes. Exp Mol Med 56(2):319\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-024-01178-2","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"5760_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li S (2022) Umbilical endometriosis and metachronous ovarian endometrioma. BMJ 378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2021-064973","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-064973"},{"issue":"3","key":"5760_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700681r","volume":"32","author":"XY Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li XY, Zhang Y, Wang XX et al (2017) Regulation of blood\u2013testis barrier assembly in vivo by germ cells. FASEB J 32(3):1653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.201700681r","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"20","key":"5760_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00540","volume":"67","author":"RY Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li RY, Zhang WZ, Yan XT et al (2019) Arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, a major maillard reaction product of red ginseng, attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by regulating nuclear factor \u03bab and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/protein kinase b signaling pathways. J Agric Food Chem 67(20):5754\u20135763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00540","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"5760_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li C, Zhou S, Chen S et al (2025a) Gut microbiota-mediated immunomodulation underlies the anti-tumor effects of a novel ginseng polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym p 124458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124458"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25606-z","volume":"15","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Wang H, Lan L, Luo X, Zhang J, Qu L (2025) Protective effects of 20 (r) ginsenoside rg3 on DBP-induced reproductive injury in mice through nrf2\/are pathway. Sci Rep 15(1):41658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-25606-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5760_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109047","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Wang H, Xu X, Qu L, Sun X, Zhang J (2025) Protective effect of ginsenoside rg3 on DBP-induced spermatogenesis injury via the src\/PI3k signaling pathway. Reprod Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109047","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02324-z","volume":"11","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li P, Lin Y, Ma H et al (2025) Epigenetic regulation in female reproduction: the impact of m6a on maternal-fetal health. Cell Death Discov 11(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-025-02324-z","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"5760_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.031","volume":"234","author":"Y Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang Y, Dong B, Pang N, Hu J (2019) ROS generation and DNA damage contribute to abamectin-induced cytotoxicity in mouse macrophage cells. Chemosphere 234:328\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.031","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"19","key":"5760_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17245","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01665","volume":"8","author":"J Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang J, Tang X, Wan S, Guo J, Zhao P, Lu L (2023) Structure modification of ginsenoside rh2 and cytostatic activity on cancer cells. ACS Omega 8(19):17245\u201317253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c01665","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"5760_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119276","volume":"306","author":"X Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang X, Wu X, Tian Y et al (2025) Ozone exposure at environmental level induces female reproductive impairment via transcriptomic and alternative analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 306:119276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119276","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"5760_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.01.001","volume":"41","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Xu Y, Yang J et al (2017) Discovery, semisynthesis, biological activities, and metabolism of ocotillol-type saponins. J Ginseng Res 41(3):373\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.01.001","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"5760_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.04.003","volume":"72","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhang Z, Liu J et al (2019) Ginsenoside rg3 improves cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompetence in BALB\/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 72:98\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.04.003","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6801","volume":"35","author":"W Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu W, Leng J, Hou JG et al (2021) Saponins derived from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng attenuate scrotal heat-induced spermatogenic damage via inhibiting the MAPK mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. Phytother Res 35(1):311\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.6801","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"5760_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133925","volume":"276","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu S, Geng J, Chen W et al (2024) Isolation, structure, biological activity and application progress of ginseng polysaccharides from the araliaceae family. Int J Biol Macromol 276:133925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133925","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad101","volume":"2","author":"S Logan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Logan S, Baier MP, Owen DB et al (2023) Cognitive heterogeneity reveals molecular signatures of age-related impairment. PNAS Nexus 2(4):pgad101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad101","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1313-y","volume":"10","author":"X Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu X, Cui J, Cui L et al (2019) The effects of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on endometrial receptivity are associated with Th1\/Th2 balance change and uNK cell expression of uterine in autoimmune premature ovarian failure mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 10(1):214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13287-019-1313-y","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5760_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Y, Zhu H, Wang C et al (2025) Peripheral B cell alteration in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency. npj Aging. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41514-025-00302-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-025-00302-4"},{"issue":"24","key":"5760_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9391","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01093","volume":"71","author":"YG Mi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mi YG, Xu XY, Hong LL et al (2023) Comparative characterization of the ginsenosides from six panax herbal extracts and their in vitro rat gut microbial metabolites by advanced liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry approaches. J Agric Food Chem 71(24):9391\u20139403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01093","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"5760_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F125","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-22-0189","volume":"164","author":"A Moazamian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moazamian A, Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ, Drevet JLR (2022) Oxidative stress and reproductive function: sperm telomeres, oxidative stress, and infertility. Reproduction 164(6):F125\u2013F133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-22-0189","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7020022","volume":"7","author":"SS Mohd Mutalip","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohd Mutalip SS, Ab-Rahim S, Rajikin MH (2018) Vitamin e as an antioxidant in female reproductive health. Antioxidants (Basel) 7(2):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox7020022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"5760_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa271","volume":"35","author":"V Mularoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mularoni V, Esposito V, Di Persio S et al (2020) Age-related changes in human leydig cell status. Hum Reprod 35(12):2663\u20132676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deaa271","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"5760_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"deae108","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.031","volume":"39","author":"K Nakagawa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakagawa K, Kwak-Kim J, Horikawa T et al (2024) O-031 tacrolimus treatment significantly improved IVF outcomes with euploid embryo transfer in women with repeated implantation failures (RIF) and elevated t helper (th) 1\/th2 cell ratios. Hum Reprod 39(Supplement_1):deae108\u2013deae131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.031","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"8","key":"5760_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.8.1327","volume":"94","author":"RB Ness","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ness RB, Randall H, Richter HE et al (2004) Condom use and the risk of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, or infertility following an episode of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Public Health 94(8):1327\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.94.8.1327","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"5760_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"deae108","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.453","volume":"39","author":"T Nguyen Phan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen Phan T, Lai VT, Dinh VH, Nguyen DM (2024) P-078 comparison of embryological and clinical outcomes in mumps orchitis and non-obstructive azoospermia patients treated by microdissection testicular sperm extraction combined with ICSI (microTESE-ICSI). Hum Reprod 39(Supplement_1):deae108\u2013deae453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.453","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"5760_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S386974","volume":"17","author":"X Nie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nie X, Dong X, Hu Y, Xu F, Hu C, Shu C (2023) Coenzyme q10 stimulate reproductive vatality. Drug des Dev Ther 17:2623\u20132637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S386974","journal-title":"Drug des Dev Ther"},{"key":"5760_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.07.001","volume":"117","author":"O Oktem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oktem O, Yagmur H, Bengisu H, Urman B (2016) Reproductive aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Reprod Immunol 117:57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2016.07.001","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"5760_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Owens LA, Franks S (2025) Polycystic ovary syndrome: origins and implications: the impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on reproductive health: a narrative review. Reproduction 169(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-24-0485","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-24-0485"},{"key":"5760_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110461","volume":"121","author":"S Paik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paik S, Song GY, Jo EK (2023) Ginsenosides for therapeutically targeting inflammation through modulation of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 121:110461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110461","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"5760_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panay N, Anderson RA, Bennie A et al (2024) Evidence-based guideline: premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod Open 2024(4):hoae065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.11.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.11.007"},{"issue":"6","key":"5760_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2025.07.1209","volume":"124","author":"EA Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park EA, Moon SY, Yang JS et al (2025) Comparison of euploid rate between intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) and conventional intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in the testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Fertil Steril 124(6):e138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2025.07.1209","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"5760_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2024.07.006","author":"JW Pek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pek JW (2025) The idiosyncrasies of oocytes. Trends Cell Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2024.07.006","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5760_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2025_240925N402","volume":"72","author":"Y Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng Y, Guo Y, Zhao S et al (2025) 20(s)-ginsenoside rg3 induced the necroptosis of prostate cancer cells via ROS overproduction. Neoplasma 72(1\u20132):48\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4149\/neo_2025_240925N402","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"issue":"15","key":"5760_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153452","volume":"25","author":"X Piao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piao X, Zhang H, Kang JP et al (2020) Advances in saponin diversity of Panax ginseng. Molecules 25(15):3452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25153452","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5760_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1139603","volume":"14","author":"A Plavsic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Plavsic A, Arandjelovic S, Dimitrijevic M et al (2023) Autoimmune\/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants in a woman with Hashimoto thyroiditis and familial autoimmunity\u2014a case report and literature review. Front Immunol 14:1139603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1139603","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.7326\/p19-0017","volume":"172","author":"A Qaseem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Horwitch CA, Vijan S, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Kansagara D, Physicians CGCO (2020) Testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low testosterone: a clinical guideline from the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 172(2):126\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/p19-0017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5760_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.01.003","author":"MH Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qi MH, Zhang HY, Hou YY et al (2025) Ginseng-derived GABAFG ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating autophagy-lysosome pathway and gut microbiota. J Adv Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2025.01.003","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5760_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1530\/raf-21-0116","volume":"3","author":"MS Ralapanawe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ralapanawe MS, Gajaweera SL, Karunaratne N et al (2022) Chromosomal polymorphisms in assisted reproduction: an analysis of 942 cycles. Reprod Fertil 3(3):133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/raf-21-0116","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)46756-7","volume":"39","author":"DL Rosenfeld","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rosenfeld DL, Seidman SM, Bronson RA, Scholl GM (1983) Unsuspected chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in the infertile female. Fertil Steril 39(1):44\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)46756-7","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"5760_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saadedine M, Kapoor E, Shufelt C (2023) Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: recognition and management of a challenging diagnosis. Mayo Clinic Proc: 1376\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.05.027. (Elsevier)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.05.027"},{"key":"5760_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saitou M, Nagano M, Mizuta K (2025) Mechanisms of human germ cell development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol pp 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-025-00893-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-025-00893-6"},{"key":"5760_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shao H, Yang Y, Zhu D et al (2026) Ginseng polysaccharides: structures-based classification and biological activities-a review. J Ginseng Res p 100975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2026.100975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2026.100975"},{"issue":"13","key":"5760_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132443","volume":"24","author":"ZY Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi ZY, Zeng JZ, Wong AST (2019) Chemical structures and pharmacological profiles of ginseng saponins. Molecules 24(13):2443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24132443","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"5760_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2024.04.017","volume":"111","author":"LM Siebert-Kuss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siebert-Kuss LM, Dietrich V, Di Persio S et al (2024) Genome-wide DNA methylation changes in human spermatogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 111(6):1125\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2024.04.017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02936-4","volume":"23","author":"M Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh M, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A et al (2023) A systematic review of the protective effects of silymarin\/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Cell Int 23(1):88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-023-02936-4","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"16S","key":"5760_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.452","volume":"72","author":"Z Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song Z, Yu S, Qian X (2018) GW29-e0537 ginsenoside rb1 attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in aged mice. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(16S):C82\u2013C83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.452","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"5760_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101084","volume":"25","author":"US Srinivas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srinivas US, Tan BW, Vellayappan BA, Jeyasekharan AD (2019) ROS and the DNA damage response in cancer. Redox Biol 25:101084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101084","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"8030","key":"5760_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07931-x","volume":"633","author":"S Stankovic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stankovic S, Shekari S, Huang QQ et al (2024) Genetic links between ovarian ageing, cancer risk and de novo mutation rates. Nature 633(8030):608\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07931-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"5760_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.01.028","volume":"61","author":"N Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun N, Youle RJ, Finkel T (2016) The mitochondrial basis of aging. Mol Cell 61(5):654\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.01.028","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53559-w","volume":"15","author":"F Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun F, Ali NN, Londo\u00f1o-V\u00e1squez D et al (2024) Increased DNA damage in full-grown oocytes is correlated with diminished autophagy activation. Nat Commun 15(1):9463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-53559-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5760_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115219","volume":"292","author":"N Tangsrisakda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tangsrisakda N, Kamollerd T, Taoto C et al (2022) Seed extract of thai mucuna pruriens (l.) DC. Var. Pruriens enhances sexual performance and improves male reproductive damages in ethanol-induced rats. J Ethnopharmacol 292:115219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115219","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"5760_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117944","volume":"326","author":"F Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao F, Zhai Q, Cao Y et al (2024) Inhibition of p38 MAPK\/NF-\u03bab p65 signaling pathway activity by rare ginsenosides ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure and KGN cell injury. J Ethnopharmacol 326:117944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117944","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(19)30345-6","volume":"8","author":"EP Thong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thong EP, Codner E, Laven JS, Teede H (2020) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(2):134\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(19)30345-6","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"20","key":"5760_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9123","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo02580b","volume":"14","author":"T Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian T, Ko CN, Luo W, Li D, Yang C (2023) The anti-aging mechanism of ginsenosides with medicine and food homology. Food Funct 14(20):9123\u20139136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3fo02580b","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077469","volume":"10","author":"P Touraine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Touraine P, Chabbert-Buffet N, Plu-Bureau G, Duranteau L, Sinclair AH, Tucker EJ (2024) Premature ovarian insufficiency. Nat Rev Dis Primers 10(1):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-077469","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000001477","volume":"205","author":"MB Tradewell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tradewell MB, Ory J, Nassau DE, Rezk AH, Ibrahim E, Ramasamy R (2021) Evaluation of reproductive parameters in men with solitary testis. J Urol 205(4):1153\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ju.0000000000001477","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"5760_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119807","volume":"348","author":"ISN Tsopmejio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsopmejio ISN, Zhang JT, Wang Z et al (2025) Comparative study of ginsenoside Rg2, 20 (s)-protopanaxatriol, and AFG from ginseng on aging-related kidney injury in SAMP8 mice. J Ethnopharmacol 348:119807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119807","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5760_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0312-0","volume":"26","author":"K Tzelepis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tzelepis K, Rausch O, Kouzarides T (2019) RNA-modifying enzymes and their function in a chromatin context. Nat Struct Mol Biol 26(10):858\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41594-019-0312-0","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"5760_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109601","volume":"186","author":"A Valdivieso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valdivieso A, Ribas L, Monle\u00f3n-Getino A, Orb\u00e1n LS, Piferrer F (2020) Exposure of zebrafish to elevated temperature induces sex ratio shifts and alterations in the testicular epigenome of unexposed offspring. Environ Res 186:109601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109601","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.07.693","volume":"122","author":"J Vasquez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vasquez J, Castro T, Gonzales J et al (2024) Impact of high-altitude over the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human semen and sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertil Steril 122(4):e211\u2013e212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.07.693","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-3","volume":"8","author":"V Vendramini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vendramini V, Sasso-Cerri E, Miraglia SM (2010) Amifostine reduces the seminiferous epithelium damage in doxorubicin-treated prepubertal rats without improving the fertility status. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8(1):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7827-8-3","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.08.008","volume":"50","author":"A Vijayakumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vijayakumar A, Park JH, Kim JH (2025) The role of ginseng and ginsenosides in ROS and cardiovascular disease. J Ginseng Res 50(1):100897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.08.008","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-022-09956-z","volume":"23","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Qiao P, Ouyang Z et al (2022) Ginseng volatile oil prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology 23(4):485\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-022-09956-z","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2023.2206197","volume":"28","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Du K, Hou J et al (2023) Rg1 alleviates oxidative stress and spermatogonium apoptosis in d-gal-induced testicular toxicity by activating akt. Redox Rep 28(1):2206197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13510002.2023.2206197","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"5760_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2024.0652","volume":"16","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Du X, Yu S, Yan X, Xin Y (2024) Mitochondria-associated membranes in aging and senescence. Aging Dis 16(4):2250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/ad.2024.0652","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"5760_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang G, Fang K, Shang Y et al (2025) Testis\u2010specific PDHA2 is required for proper meiotic recombination and chromosome organisation during spermatogenesis. Cell Prolif: e70003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpr.70003","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.70003"},{"issue":"2","key":"5760_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.09.006","volume":"26","author":"S Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu S, Yan M, Ge R, Cheng CY (2020) Crosstalk between sertoli and germ cells in male fertility. Trends Mol Med 26(2):215\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.09.006","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"5760_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1436624","volume":"15","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Y, Bian S, Shang L, Wang X, Bai X, Zhang W (2024) Phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of volatile oil from Panax ginseng CA mey: a review. Front Pharmacol 15:1436624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1436624","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"5760_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119190","volume":"305","author":"X Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu X, Du X, Zhang C et al (2025) Prenatal exposure to cadmium induces multigenerational inheritance of male testicular damage and mitochondrial biogenesis abnormalities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 305:119190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119190","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"5760_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13206","volume":"19","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, Lin X, Tang H et al (2020) Mitochondrial DNA mutation exacerbates female reproductive aging via impairment of the NADH\/NAD+ redox. Aging Cell 19(9):e13206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.13206","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"5760_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112718","volume":"225","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zuo Z, Yang Z et al (2021) Nickel chloride induces spermatogenesis disorder by testicular damage and hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis disruption in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 225:112718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112718","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"01","key":"5760_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x24500095","volume":"52","author":"L Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang L, Chen JJ, Sheng-Xian Teo B, Zhang J, Jiang M (2024) Research progress on the antitumor molecular mechanism of ginsenoside rh2. Am J Chin Med 52(01):217\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0192415x24500095","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2025.2453699","volume":"63","author":"P Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang P, Fan M, Chen Y et al (2025) A novel strategy for the protective effect of ginsenoside rg1 against ovarian reserve decline by the PINK1 pathway. Pharm Biol 63(1):68\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13880209.2025.2453699","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5760_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13050604","volume":"13","author":"X Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu X, Yu J, Liu S et al (2024) Transcriptome-wide identification and integrated analysis of a UGT gene involved in ginsenoside ro biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plants (Basel) 13(5):604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13050604","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01665-x","volume":"9","author":"W Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan W, Sun Z, Ji G, Hu H (2023) Emerging roles of ferroptosis in male reproductive diseases. Cell Death Discov 9(1):358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-023-01665-x","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"5","key":"5760_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0581-2","volume":"9","author":"B Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang B, Zhou WJ, Gu CJ et al (2018) The ginsenoside PPD exerts anti-endometriosis effects by suppressing estrogen receptor-mediated inhibition of endometrial stromal cell autophagy and NK cell cytotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 9(5):574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-018-0581-2","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"5760_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153325","volume":"79","author":"B Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang B, Hu X, Wang H et al (2020) Effects of a dammarane-type saponin, ginsenoside rd, in nicotine-induced vascular endothelial injury. Phytomedicine 79:153325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153325","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"5760_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Yang C, Zhang M et al (2021) Protective effects of ginseng stem-leaf saponins on D-galactose-induced reproductive injury in male mice. Aging (Albany NY) 13(6):8916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.202709","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202709"},{"key":"5760_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175824","volume":"952","author":"JJ Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang JJ, Chen KC, Yin JY et al (2023) AFG, an important maillard reaction product in red ginseng, alleviates d-galactose-induced brain aging in mice via correcting mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ROS accumulation. Eur J Pharmacol 952:175824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175824","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5760_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093733","volume":"28","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang S, Ding C, Liu X et al (2023b) Research progress on extraction, isolation, structural analysis and biological activity of polysaccharides from Panax genus. Molecules 28(9):3733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28093733","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5760_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C et al (2024) Structural characters and pharmacological activity of protopanaxadiol\u2010type saponins and protopanaxatriol\u2010type saponins from ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024(1):9096774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/9096774","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9096774"},{"issue":"1","key":"5760_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-023-01125-1","volume":"31","author":"XJ Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang XJ, Han BB, Shao ZY et al (2024) Auto-suppression of tet dioxygenases protects the mouse oocyte genome from oxidative demethylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 31(1):42\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41594-023-01125-1","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"5760_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146772","volume":"26","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, Lin L, Zhu S et al (2025) The primary cultivation of oogonial stem cells from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii): morphology and transcriptome landscape. Int J Mol Sci 26(14):6772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146772","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5760_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229","volume":"133","author":"B Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao B, Lv C, Lu J (2019) Natural occurring polysaccharides from Panax ginseng CA meyer: a review of isolation, structures, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 133:324\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"5760_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117735","volume":"290","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Pan J, Bao Y, Wang X, Shi W (2025) Prenatal exposure to bisphenol a causes reproductive damage in f1 male rabbits due to inflammation and oxidative stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 290:117735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117735","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"5760_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080978","volume":"14","author":"T Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao T, Jia H, Zhao X et al (2025) Oxidative stress triggers porcine ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis through MAPK signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 14(8):978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14080978","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"30","key":"5760_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8428","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02476","volume":"69","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Yang H, Deng J, Fan D (2021) Ginsenoside rg5 improves insulin resistance and mitochondrial biogenesis of liver via regulation of the sirt1\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway in db\/db mice. J Agric Food Chem 69(30):8428\u20138439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02476","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"21","key":"5760_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216654","volume":"26","author":"X Zou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zou X, Zhang Y, Zeng X et al (2021) Molecular cloning and identification of NADPH cytochrome p450 reductase from Panax ginseng. Molecules 26(21):6654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26216654","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05760-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05760-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05760-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:34:56Z","timestamp":1785551696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05760-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":138,"alternative-id":["5760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05760-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}