{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:08:20Z","timestamp":1790611700097,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Poison centers (PCs) in Germany are medical facilities that serve as points of contact for cases of poisoning or suspected poisoning and are available by phone 24\u00a0h a day. Consultations are provided by physicians who have completed specialized training in toxicology. Members of the public, healthcare professionals, and institutions with questions regarding toxicology can seek advice from the PCs. Over-the-counter medicines play an important role when contacting the PCs. These include pseudoephedrine (PSE), an indirect sympathomimetic, which is used in Germany as a combination preparation for the treatment of cold and flu symptoms and for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis. In Germany, PSE is combined with acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen, as well as with first- and second-generation H1 receptor antagonists. PSE has a decongestant effect on the mucous membranes of the nose and sinuses but also has stimulating effects and causes a feeling of alertness. This study includes an analysis of PSE poisoning cases reported to German PCs. They were asked to provide information on documented cases of PSE poisoning. Three of the seven centers surveyed provided their data (Erfurt 136 cases, G\u00f6ttingen 175 cases, and Munich 210 cases, overall\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009521). The individual cases were then analyzed in terms of various aspects. The patient cases analyzed revealed age-related differences, with a higher incidence in childhood, particularly among children under 6\u00a0years of age. There were also indications of gender-specific differences. At the PC Erfurt, cardiovascular and neurological events predominate, with a male dominance. In Munich, neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms predominated. However, a high proportion of cases with unknown gender made gender-specific classification difficult. In Germany, young children up to the age of six are more severely affected despite contraindications and account for a significant proportion of inquiries to PCs. In recent years, PCs in Germany have reported an increase in cases of poisoning involving PSE combination preparations. A variety of symptoms have been observed in connection with PSE poisoning. As a preventive measure, it would be advisable for physicians\u2014particularly pediatricians\u2014and pharmacists to provide better patient education to raise awareness of the risks. Public platforms could also be used to conduct more educational outreach. Overall, the clinical relevance of PSE poisoning is evident from the present findings, which therefore require increased attention. PCs play an important role in this regard by providing acute consultation and systematically collecting data. However, the present findings should be interpreted in light of the limited data available to PCs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05790-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T07:36:57Z","timestamp":1786001817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pseudoephedrine poisoning reported to German poison centers: analysis of documented patient cases and the particular vulnerability of infants and toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Funda","family":"Gezgin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Eyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5790_CR1","unstructured":"\u00a0Apotheke Adhoc (2023) Pseudoephedrin: \u201eKick\u201c durch OTC-Arzneimittel.\u00a0https:\/\/www.apotheke-adhoc.de\/nachrichten\/detail\/pta-live\/pseudoephedrin-kick-durch-otc-arzneimittel\/#. Accessed\u00a017 Nov 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"5790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01822.x.PMID:12848771;PMCID:PMC1884328","volume":"56","author":"K Aljazaf","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aljazaf K, Hale TW, Ilett KF, Hartmann PE, Mitoulas LR, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP (2003Jul) Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 56(1):18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01822.x.PMID:12848771;PMCID:PMC1884328","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"5790_CR3","unstructured":"Bade L, Bendas G (2023) Repetitorium Pseudoephedrin, Deutsche Apothekerzeitung 163(43)"},{"key":"5790_CR4","unstructured":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR) (2017) Risiko Vergiftungsf\u00e4lle bei Kindern .\u00a0https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/cm\/350\/risiko-vergiftungsunfaelle-bei-kindern.pdf\n. Accessed\u00a016 Jan 2026"},{"key":"5790_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beitz R, D\u00f6ren M, Knopf H et al (2004) Selbstmedikation mit Over-the-Counter-(OTC-)Pr\u00e4paraten in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl - Gesundheitsforsch - Gesundheitsschutz 47:1043\u20131050.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-004-0923-3\n. Accessed\u00a017 Nov 2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-004-0923-3"},{"key":"5790_CR6","unstructured":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR) (2025) Das deutsche Vergiftungsregister Daten sammeln, Leben retten https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/fragen-und-antworten\/thema\/das-deutsche-vergiftungsregister-daten-sammeln-leben-retten\/. Accessed 25 May 2026"},{"key":"5790_CR7","unstructured":"(BfArM - Rote-Hand-Briefe und Informationsbriefe - Pseudoephedrin: Risiko f\u00fcr posteriores reversibles Enzephalopathiesyndrom und reversibles zerebrales Vasokonstriktionssyndrom) (2024). https:\/\/www.bfarm.de\/SharedDocs\/Risikoinformationen\/Pharmakovigilanz\/DE\/RHB\/2024\/rhb-pseudoephedrin.html?nn=591002\n. Accessed\u00a013 Aug 2025"},{"key":"5790_CR8","unstructured":"BoxaGrippal Fachinformation (2024)\u00a0verf\u00fcgbar: \nhttps:\/\/www.fachinfo.de\/fi\/pdf\/014667\n. Accessed 18 Nov 2025"},{"key":"5790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desel H, Hentschel H, St\u00fcrer A (2017) Vergiftungen in Deutschland : Giftinformationszentren, medizinische Versorgung und nationales Monitoring [Poisonings in Germany : Poisons Centres, Medical Management and National Monitoring]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 60(6):625\u2013631. 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Accessed 13 Aug 2025\u00a0"},{"key":"5790_CR12","unstructured":"Grippal complex Fachinformation (2024)\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.fachinfo.de\/fi\/pdf\/022368 .\u00a0 Accessed\u00a018 Nov 2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"5790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105146.PMID:34067981;PMCID:PMC8152226","volume":"22","author":"K G\u0142owacka","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u0142owacka K, Wiela-Hoje\u0144ska A (2021) Pseudoephedrine-benefits and risks. Int J Mol Sci 22(10):5146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22105146.PMID:34067981;PMCID:PMC8152226","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5790_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hahn A, Begemann K (2019) Giftinformationszentren in Deutschland \u2013 Historie, Arbeitsweise und Bedeutung [Poison centres in Germany-history, function, and relevance]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 62(11):1304\u20131312. German. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-019-03023-8\n. Erratum in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2019 62(12):1543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-019-03046-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-03023-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"5790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-049536","volume":"148","author":"LS Halmo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halmo LS, Wang GS, Reynolds KM, Delva-Clark H, Rapp-Olsson M, Banner W, Bond GR, Kauffman RE, Palmer RB, Paul IM, Green JL, Dart RC (2021) Pediatric fatalities associated with over-the-counter cough and cold medications. Pediatrics 148(5):e2020049536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-049536","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"5790_CR16","unstructured":"Illegale Herstellung von Metamfetamin aus Ephedrin und Pseudoephedrin | ABDA\u00a0 (2009) AMK-Nachrichten\u00a0 https:\/\/www.abda.de\/fuer-apotheker\/arzneimittelkommission\/amk-nachrichten\/detail\/illegale-herstellung-von-metamfetamin-aus-ephedrin-und-pseudoephedrin \u00a0Accessed\u00a01 Sep 2024"},{"key":"5790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ito S, Blajchman A, Stephenson M, Eliopoulos C, Koren G (1993) Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168(5):1393\u20131399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(11)90771-6.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(11)90771-6"},{"key":"5790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laitinen LA, Empey DW, Bye C, Britton MG, McDonnell K, Hughes DT (1982) A comparison of the bronchodilator action of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine in patients with reversible airway obstruction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 23(2):107\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00545963.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00545963"},{"key":"5790_CR19","unstructured":"Liste der Giftnotrufzentralen und Giftinformationszentren in Deutschland, \u00d6sterreich und Schweiz \u2013 Bundesamt f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL) (n.d.).\u00a0https:\/\/www.bvl.bund.de\/DE\/Arbeitsbereiche\/01_Lebensmittel\/03_Verbraucher\/09_InfektionenIntoxikationen\/02_Giftnotrufzentralen\/lm_LMVergiftung_giftnotrufzentralen_node.html\n. 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Accessed\u00a028 Aug 2024"},{"key":"5790_CR23","unstructured":"Sicherheits\u00fcberpr\u00fcfung eingeleitet: Ist Pseudoephedrin in Erk\u00e4ltungsmitteln riskant? - PTAheute.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ptaheute.de\/aktuelles\/2023\/02\/17\/ist-pseudoephedrin-in-erkaeltungsmitteln-riskant\n. Accessed\u00a0  1 Sept 2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"5790_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1738-2","volume":"70","author":"C Soussan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soussan C, Gouraud A, Portolan G, Jean-Pastor MJ, Pecriaux C, Montastruc JL, Damase-Michel C, Lacroix I (2014) Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 70(11):1361\u20131366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-014-1738-2","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05790-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05790-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05790-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T07:37:00Z","timestamp":1786001820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05790-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["5790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-026-05790-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1298","1432-1912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1298","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research was conducted according to the guidelines of good scientific practice of the Hannover Medical School (\n                      \n                      ) and officially registered as doctoral thesis project for Funda Gezgin. The Hannover Medical School follows the guidelines of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable because publicly available information is used as data source.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"D.P., F.E., F.G., G.Z., A.S. and R.W declare no competing interests. R.S. is the Editor-in-Chief of Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol and follows the editorial guidelines for editors acting as authors (\n                      \n                      ).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}