{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T17:20:05Z","timestamp":1760980805870,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,25]],"date-time":"2005-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0188-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,24]],"date-time":"2005-10-24T17:50:14Z","timestamp":1130176214000},"page":"373-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Neuropsychopharmacological properties of neuroactive steroids in depression and anxiety disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Eser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Sch\u00fcle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Baghai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"di Michele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Pasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Zwanzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Padberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90169-6","volume":"40","author":"Y Akwa","year":"1991","unstructured":"Akwa Y, Young J, Kabbadj K, Sancho MJ, Zucman D, Vourc`h C, Jung-Testas I, Hu ZY, Le Goascogne C, Jo DH, Corp\u00e9chot C, Simon P, Baulieu EE, Robel P (1991) Neurosteroids: biosynthesis, metabolism and function of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the brain. J Steroid Biochem 40:71\u201381","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"188_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2880959","volume":"288","author":"Y Akwa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Akwa Y, Morfin RF, Robel P, Baulieu EE (1992) Neurosteroid metabolism. 7 alpha-hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone by rat brain microsomes. Biochem J 288:959\u2013964","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"188_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(99)00101-1","volume":"106","author":"Y Akwa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akwa Y, Purdy RH, Koob GF, Britton KT (1999) The amygdala mediates the anxiolytic-like effect of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in rat. Behav Brain Res 106:119\u2013125","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.2.7835270","volume":"136","author":"B Araneo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Araneo B, Daynes R (1995) Dehydroepiandrosterone functions as more than an antiglucocorticoid in preserving immunocompetence after thermal injury. Endocrinology 136:393\u2013401","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"188_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300684","volume":"30","author":"TC Baghai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baghai TC, di Michele F, Sch\u00fcle C, Eser D, Zwanzger P, Pasini A, Romeo E, Rupprecht R (2005) Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids before and after electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1181\u20131186","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211800","volume":"12","author":"ER Baker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baker ER, Best RG, Manfredi RL, Demers LM, Wolf GC (1995) Efficacy of progesterone vaginal suppositories in alleviation of nervous symptoms in patients with premenstrual syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 12:205\u2013209","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"188_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000126953","volume":"63","author":"ML Barbaccia","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barbaccia ML, Roscetti G, Trabucchi M, Mostallino MC, Concas A, Purdy RH, Biggio G (1996) Time-dependent changes in rat brain neuroactive steroid concentrations and GABAA receptor function after acute stress. Neuroendocrinology 63:166\u2013172","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"188_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01590.x","volume":"47","author":"E Barrett-Connor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kripke A (1999) Endogenous levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, but not other sex hormones, are associated with depressed mood in older women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:685\u2013691","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"188_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0248-4900(91)90045-O","volume":"71","author":"EE Baulieu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baulieu EE (1991) Neurosteroids: a new function in the brain. Biol Cell 71:3\u201310","journal-title":"Biol Cell"},{"key":"188_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90238-2","volume":"45","author":"M Bernardi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bernardi M, Vergoni AV, Sandrini M, Tagliavini S, Bertolini A (1989) Influence of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on the behavior of mice in an experimental model of depression. Physiol Behav 45:1067\u20131068","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"188_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978871","volume":"30","author":"M Bicikova","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bicikova M, Dibbelt L, Hill M, Hampl R, Starka L (1998) Allopregnanolone in women with premenstrual syndrome. Hormon Metab Res 30:227\u2013230","journal-title":"Hormon Metab Res"},{"key":"188_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026622704704","volume":"25","author":"M Bicikova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bicikova M, Tallov\u00e1 J, Hill M, Krausova Z, Hampl R (2000) Serum concentrations of some neuroactive steroids in women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. Neurochem Res 25:1623\u20131627","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"188_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90761-J","volume":"561","author":"D Bitran","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bitran D, Hilvers RJ, Kellogg CK (1991) Anxiolytic effects of 3\u03b1-hydroxy-5\u03b1[\u03b2]-pregnan-20-one: endogenous metabolites of progesterone that are active at the GABAA receptor. Brain Res 561:157\u2013161","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90260-Z","volume":"45","author":"D Bitran","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bitran D, Purdy RH, Kellogg CK (1993) Anxiolytic effect of progesterone is associated with increases in cortical allopregnanolone and GABAA receptor function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:423\u2013428","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"188_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00744.x","volume":"7","author":"D Bitran","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bitran D, Shiekh M, McLeod M (1995) Anxiolytic effect of progesterone is mediated by the neurosteroid allopregnanolone at brain GABAA receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 7:171\u2013177","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"188_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00066-9","volume":"45","author":"M Bloch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR (1999) Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of midlife dysthymia. Biol Psychiatry 45:1533\u20131541","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR17","first-page":"813","volume":"43","author":"MR Bowlby","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bowlby MR (1993) Pregnenolone sulfate potentiation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channels in hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 43:813\u2013819","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"188_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00077-5","volume":"118","author":"F Brambilla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brambilla F, Biggio G, Pisu MG, Bellodi L, Perna G, Bogdanovich-Djukic V, Purdy RH, Serra M (2003) Neurosteroid secretion in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 118:107\u2013116","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"188_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000077934","volume":"50","author":"F Brambilla","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brambilla F, Biggio G, Pisu MG, Purdy RH, Gerra G, Zaimovich A, Serra M (2004) Plasma concentrations of anxiolytic neurosteroids in men with normal anxiety scores: a correlation analysis. Neuropsychobiology 50:6\u20139","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"188_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(93)90168-V","volume":"45","author":"ES Browne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Browne ES, Porter JR, Correa G, Abadie J, Svec F (1993) Dehydroepiandrosterone regulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in the Zucker rat. The obesity research program. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 45:517\u2013524","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"188_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.380","volume":"162","author":"MI Butterfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Butterfield MI, Stechuchak KM, Connor KM, Davidson JR, Wang C, MacKuen CL, Pearlstein AM, Marx CE (2005) Neuroactive steroids and suicidality in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162:380\u2013382","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(90)90398-5","volume":"37","author":"JS Campbell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Campbell JS, Karavolas HJ (1990) Characterization of the purified pituitary cytosolic NADPH:5\u03b1-dihydroprogesterone 3\u03b1-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 37:535\u2013543","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"188_CR23","first-page":"163","volume":"13","author":"F Celotti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Celotti F, Melcangi RC, Martini L (1992) The 5\u03b1-reductase in the brain: molecular aspects and relation to brain function. Front Neuroendocrinol 13:163\u2013215","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"188_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1999.0188","volume":"21","author":"NA Compagnone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Compagnone NA, Mellon SH (2000) Neurosteroids: biosynthesis and function of these novel neuromodulators. Front Neuroendocrinol 21:1\u201356","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"188_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(94)90284-4","volume":"49","author":"E Costa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Costa E, Auta J, Guidotti A, Korneyev A, Romeo E (1994) The pharmacology of neurosteroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 49:385\u2013389","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"188_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91500-3","volume":"398","author":"JN Crawley","year":"1986","unstructured":"Crawley JN, Glowa JR, Majewska MD, Paul SM (1986) Anxiolytic activity of an endogenous adrenal steroid. Brain Res 398:382\u2013385","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR27","unstructured":"Dalton K (1989) Successful prophylactic progesterone for idiopathic postnatal depression. Int J Prenatal Perinatal Stud 323\u2013327"},{"key":"188_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6482.1617","volume":"290","author":"L Dennerstein","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dennerstein L, Spencer-Gardner C, Gotts G, Brown JB, Smith MA, Burrows GD (1980) Progesterone and the premenstrual syndrome: a double blind crossover trial. Br Med J 290:1617\u20131621","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"188_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051628598","volume":"98","author":"E Dong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dong E, Matsumoto K, Uzunova V, Sugaya I, Takahata H, Nomura H, Watanabe H, Costa E, Guidotti A (2001) Brain 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis in a mouse model of protracted social isolation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:2849\u20132854","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"188_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199909000-00010","volume":"61","author":"CN Epperson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Epperson CN, Wisner KL, Yamamoto B (1999) Gonadal steroids in the treatment of mood disorders. Psychosom Med 61:676\u2013697","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"188_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300572","volume":"30","author":"D Eser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eser D, di Michele F, Zwanzger P, Pasini A, Baghai TC, Sch\u00fcle C, Rupprecht R, Romeo E (2005) Panic induction with cholecystokinin\u2013tetrapeptide (CCK-4) increases plasma concentrations of the neuroactive steroid 3\u03b1, 5\u03b1 tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3\u03b1, 5\u03b1-THDOC) in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:192\u2013195","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283939","volume":"240","author":"RM Evans","year":"1988","unstructured":"Evans RM (1988) The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889\u2013895","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"188_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01198-2","volume":"50","author":"TJ Fabian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fabian TJ, Dew MA, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF, Mulsant BH, Butters MA, Zmuda MD, Linares AM, Trottini M, Kroboth PD (2001) Endogenous concentrations of DHEA and DHEA-S decrease with remission of depression in older adults. Biol Psychiatry 50:767\u2013774","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35305-4","volume":"292","author":"DA Finn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Finn DA, Gallaher EJ, Crabbe JC (2000) Differential change in neuroactive steroid sensitivity during ethanol withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:394\u2013405","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"188_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1567","volume":"89","author":"JF Flood","year":"1992","unstructured":"Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E (1992) Memory-enhancing effects in male mice of pregnenolone and of steroids metabolically derived from it. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:1567\u20131571","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"188_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450030073035","volume":"264","author":"E Freeman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Freeman E, Rickels K, Sondheimer SJ, Polansky M (1990) Ineffectiveness of progesterone suppository treatment for premenstrual syndrome. JAMA 264:349\u2013353","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"188_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530010065036","volume":"274","author":"EW Freeman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freeman EW, Rickels K, Sondheimer SJ, Polansky M (1995) A double-blind trial of oral progesterone, alprazolam, and placebo in treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. JAMA 274:51\u201357","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"188_CR38","first-page":"E885","volume":"272","author":"E Friess","year":"1997","unstructured":"Friess E, Tagaya H, Trachsel L, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (1997) Progesterone-induced changes in sleep in male subjects. Am J Physiol 272:E885\u2013E891","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"188_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2002.1763","volume":"41","author":"CA Frye","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frye CA, Walf AA (2002) Changes in progesterone metabolites in the hippocampus can modulate open field and forced swim test behavior of proestrous rats. Horm Behav 41:306\u2013315","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"188_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.01.020","volume":"1004","author":"CA Frye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frye CA, Walf AA, Rhodes ME, Harney JP (2004) Progesterone enhances motor, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antidepressive behavior of wild-type mice, but not those deficient in type 1 5 alpha-reductase. Brain Res 1004:116\u2013124","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.06.005","volume":"80","author":"AD Genazzani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Genazzani AD, Stomati M, Bernardi F, Pieri M, Rovati L, Genazzani AR (2003) Long-term low-dose dehydroepiandrosterone oral supplementation in early and late postmenopausal women modulates endocrine parameters and synthesis of neuroactive steroids. Fertil Steril 80:1495\u20131501","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"188_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91139-8","volume":"35","author":"MS George","year":"1994","unstructured":"George MS, Guidotti A, Rubinow D, Pan B, Mikalauskas K, Post RM (1994) CSF neuroactive steroids in affective disorders: pregnenolone, progesterone and DBI. Biol Psychiatry 35:775\u2013780","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797006314","volume":"28","author":"IM Goodyer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM (1998) Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol\/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression. Psychol Med 28:265\u2013273","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"188_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13512","volume":"96","author":"LD Griffin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Griffin LD, Mellon SH (1999) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13512\u201313517","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"188_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00070-5","volume":"44","author":"A Guidotti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guidotti A, Costa E (1998) Can the antidysphoric and anxiolytic profiles of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors be related to their ability to increase brain 3\u03b1, 5\u03b1-tetrahydroprogesterone (allopregnanolone) availability? Biol Psychiatry 44:865\u2013873","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00129-1","volume":"37","author":"A Guidotti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guidotti A, Dong E, Matsumoto K, Pinna G, Rasmusson AM, Costa E (2001) The socially-isolated mouse: a model to study the putative role of allopregnanolone and 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone in psychiatric disorders. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 37:110\u2013115","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"188_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.9.5081","volume":"83","author":"I Heuser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heuser I, Deuschle M, Luppa P, Schweiger U, Standhardt H, Weber B (1998) Increased diurnal plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone in depressed patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3130\u20133133","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"188_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702005238","volume":"32","author":"B Heydari","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heydari B, Le Melledo JM (2002) Low pregnenolone sulphate plasma concentrations in patients with generalized social phobia. Psychol Med 32:929\u2013933","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"188_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01308.x","volume":"58","author":"CC Hsiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hsiao CC, Liu CY, Hsiao MC (2004) No correlation of depression and anxiety to plasma estrogen and progesterone levels in patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58:593\u2013599","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"188_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.09.017","volume":"83","author":"JC Jorge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jorge JC, Gonzalez L, Fortis A, Cruz ND (2005) Sex-specific modulation of anxiety and locomotion after neonatal exposure to pregnenolone sulfate. Physiol Behav 83:779\u2013786","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"188_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00300-2","volume":"67","author":"RT Khisti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khisti RT, Chopde CT, Jain SP (2000) Antidepressant-like effect of the neurosteroid 3\u03b1-hydroxy-5\u03b1-pregnan-20-one in mice forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67:137\u2013143","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"188_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1<1::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"8","author":"D Koszycki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koszycki D, Zacharko RM, Le Mell\u00e9do JM, Bradwejn J (1998) Behavioral, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine profiles following CCK-4 challenge in healthy volunteers: a comparison of panickers and nonpanickers. Depress Anxiety 8:1\u20137","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"188_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)70205-1","volume":"255","author":"JE Krause","year":"1980","unstructured":"Krause JE, Karavolas HJ (1980) Pituitary 5\u03b1-dihydroprogesterone 3\u03b1-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductases. J Biol Chem 255:11807\u201311814","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"188_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)89058-6","volume":"16","author":"JJ Lambert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Hill-Venning C, Peters JA (1995) Neurosteroids and GABAA receptor function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:295\u2013303","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"188_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E763","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.3.C763","volume":"271","author":"M Lancel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lancel M, Faulhaber J, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (1996) Progesterone induces changes in sleep EEG comparable to those of agonistic GABAA receptor modulators. Am J Physiol 271:E763\u2013E772","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"188_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09940.x","volume":"105","author":"TA Lawrie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lawrie TA, Hofmeyr GJ, De Jager M, Berk M, Paiker J, Viljoen E (1998) A double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial of postnatal norethisterone enanthate: the effect on postnatal depression and serum hormones. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:1082\u20131090","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"188_CR57","unstructured":"Lawrie TA, Herxheimer A, Dalton K (2000) Oestrogens and progestogens for preventing and treating postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001690"},{"key":"188_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00057-8","volume":"20","author":"J-M Melledo Le","year":"1999","unstructured":"Le Melledo J-M, Merani S, Koszycki D, Bellavance F, Palmour R, Gutkowska J, Steinberg S, Bichet DG, Bradwejn J (1999) Sensitivity to CCK-4 in women with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) during their follicular and luteal phases. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:81\u201391","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00848-9","volume":"48","author":"R Maayan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maayan R, Yagorowski Y, Grupper D, Weiss M, Shtaif B, Kaoud MA, Weizman A (2000) Basal plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate level: a possible predictor for response to electroconvulsive therapy in depressed psychotic inpatients. Biol Psychiatry 48:693\u2013701","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR60","first-page":"589","volume":"45","author":"PJ Magill","year":"1995","unstructured":"Magill PJ (1995) Investigation of the efficacy of progesterone pessaries in the relief of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Progesterone Study Group. Br J Gen Pract 45:589\u2013593","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"188_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2422758","volume":"232","author":"MD Majewska","year":"1986","unstructured":"Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM (1986) Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science 232:1004\u20131007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"188_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90202-9","volume":"90","author":"MD Majewska","year":"1988","unstructured":"Majewska MD, Mienville J-M, Vicini S (1988) Neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate antagonizes electrophysiological responses to GABA in neurons. Neurosci Lett 90:279\u2013284","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"188_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90410-3","volume":"33","author":"MD Majewska","year":"1989","unstructured":"Majewska MD, Bluet-Pajot M-T, Robel P, Baulieu EE (1989) Pregnenolone sulfate antagonizes barbiturate-induced hypnosis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:701\u2013703","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"188_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90261-9","volume":"526","author":"MD Majewska","year":"1990","unstructured":"Majewska MD, Demig\u00f6ren S, Spivak CE, London ED (1990) The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an allosteric antagonist of the GABAA receptor. Brain Res 526:143\u2013146","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(92)90025-A","volume":"38","author":"MD Majewska","year":"1992","unstructured":"Majewska MD (1992) Neurosteroids: endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABAA receptor. Mechanism of action and physiological significance. Prog Neurobiol 38:379\u2013395","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"188_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-0128(99)00024-X","volume":"30","author":"L Martinez-Mota","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martinez-Mota L, Contreras CM, Saavedra M (1999) Progesterone reduces immobility in rats forced to swim. Arch Med Res 30:286\u2013289","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"188_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00041-X","volume":"35","author":"C Mathis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mathis C, Vogel E, Cagniard B, Criscuolo F, Ungerer A (1996) The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate blocks deficits induced by a competitive NMDA antagonist in active avoidance and lever-press learning tasks in mice. Neuropharmacology 35:1057\u20131064","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00018-0","volume":"38","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matsumoto K, Uzunova V, Pinna G, Taki K, Uzunov DP, Watanabe H, Mienville J-M, Guidotti A, Costa E (1999) Permissive role of brain allopregnanolone content in the regulation of pentobarbital-induced righting reflex loss. Neuropharmacology 38:955\u2013963","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(03)00056-8","volume":"29","author":"SE Meieran","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meieran SE, Reus VI, Webster R, Shafton R, Wolkowitz OM (2003) Chronic pregnenolone effects in normal humans: attenuation of benzodiazepine-induced sedation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:486\u2013500","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"188_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90140-6","volume":"47","author":"CL Melchior","year":"1994","unstructured":"Melchior CL, Ritzmann RF (1994a) Dehydroepiandrosterone is an anxiolytic in mice on the plus maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47:437\u2013441","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"188_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90197-X","volume":"48","author":"CL Melchior","year":"1994","unstructured":"Melchior CL, Ritzmann RF (1994b) Pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate, alone and with ethanol, in mice on plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:893\u2013897","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"188_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00955-0","volume":"48","author":"A Michael","year":"2000","unstructured":"Michael A, Jenaway A, Paykel ES, Herbert J (2000) Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults. Biol Psychiatry 48:989\u2013995","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90024-3","volume":"489","author":"J-M Mienville","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mienville J-M, Vicini S (1989) Pregnenolone sulfate antagonizes GABAA receptor-mediated currents via a reduction of channel opening frequency. Brain Res 489:190\u2013194","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3774","volume":"92","author":"FP Monnet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Monnet FP, Mah\u00e9 V, Robel P, Baulieu EE (1995) Neurosteroids, via sigma receptors, modulate the [3H]norepinephrine release evoked by N-methyl-d-aspartate in the rat hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:3774\u20133778","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"188_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420269","volume":"142","author":"P Monteleone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Monteleone P, Luisi S, Tonetti A, Bernardi F, Genazzani AD, Luisi M, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR (2000) Allopregnanlone concentrations and premenstrual syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 142:269\u2013273","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"188_CR76","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Stress: basic mechanisms and clinical implications","author":"AL Morrow","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morrow AL, Devaud LL, Purdy RH, Paul SM (1995) Neuractive steroid modulators of the stress response. In: Chrousos GP, McCarty R, Pac\u00e1k K, Cizza G, Sternberg E, Gold PW, Kvetnansky R (eds) Stress: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp 257\u2013272"},{"key":"188_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(03)00026-X","volume":"29","author":"BE Murphy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murphy BE, Abbott FV, Allison CM, Watts C, Ghadirian AM (2004) Elevated levels of some neuroactive progesterone metabolites, particularly isopregnanolone, in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:245\u2013268","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"188_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(03)00147-6","volume":"45","author":"C Nadjafi-Triebsch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nadjafi-Triebsch C, Huell M, Burki D, Rohr UD (2003) Progesterone increase under DHEA-substitution in males. Maturitas 45:231\u2013235","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"188_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.5.806","volume":"150","author":"H Osran","year":"1993","unstructured":"Osran H, Reist C, Chen CC, Lifrak ET, Chicz-DeMet A, Parker LN (1993) Adrenal androgens and cortisol in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 150:806\u2013809","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90788-B","volume":"573","author":"MJ Owens","year":"1992","unstructured":"Owens MJ, Ritchie JC, Nemeroff CB (1992) 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 21-diol-20-one (THDOC) attenuates mild stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone via a non-glucocorticoid mechanism: comparison with alprazolam. Brain Res 573:353\u2013355","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00355-X","volume":"27","author":"F Padberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Padberg F, di Michele F, Zwanzger P, Romeo E, Bernardi G, Sch\u00fcle C, Baghai TC, Ella R, Pasini A, Rupprecht R (2002) Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:874\u2013878","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR82","first-page":"146","volume":"46","author":"M Park-Chung","year":"1994","unstructured":"Park-Chung M, Wu FS, Farb DH (1994) 3\u03b1-hydroxy-5 \u03b2-pregnan-20-one sulfate: a negative modulator of the NMDA-induced current in cultured neurons. Mol Pharmacol 46:146\u2013150","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"188_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90330-1","volume":"62","author":"VK Patchev","year":"1994","unstructured":"Patchev VK, Shoaib M, Holsboer F, Almeida OFX (1994) The neurosteroid tetrahydroprogesterone counteracts corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced anxiety and alters the release and gene expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroscience 62:265\u2013271","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"188_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00096-6","volume":"15","author":"VK Patchev","year":"1996","unstructured":"Patchev VK, Hassan AHS, Holsboer F, Almeida OFX (1996) The neurosteroid tetrahydroprogesterone attenuates the endocrine response to stress and exerts glucocorticoid-like effects on vasopressin gene transcription in the rat hypothalamus. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:533\u2013541","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119261","volume":"99","author":"VK Patchev","year":"1997","unstructured":"Patchev VK, Montkowski A, Rouskova D, Koranyi L, Holsboer F, Almeida OFX (1997) Neonatal treatment of rats with the neuroactive steroid tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) abolishes the behavioral and neurondocrine consequences of adverse early life events. J Clin Invest 99:962\u2013966","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"188_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.6.1347506","volume":"6","author":"SM Paul","year":"1992","unstructured":"Paul SM, Purdy RH (1992) Neuroactive steroids. FASEB J 6:2311\u20132322","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"188_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00254-N","volume":"680","author":"O Picazo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Picazo O, Fern\u00e1ndez-Guasti A (1995) Anti-anxiety effects of progesterone and some of its reduced metabolites: an evaluation using the burying behavior test. Brain Res 680:135\u2013141","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.001","volume":"56","author":"MA Pico-Alfonso","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pico-Alfonso MA, Garcia-Linares MI, Celda-Navarro N, Herbert J, Martinez M (2004) Changes in cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in women victims of physical and psychological intimate partner violence. Biol Psychiatry 56:233\u2013240","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00168a008","volume":"33","author":"RH Purdy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Purdy RH, Morrow AL, Blinn JR, Paul SM (1990) Synthesis, metabolism, and pharmacological activity of 3\u03b1- hydroxy steroids which potentiate GABA-receptor-mediated chloride ion uptake in rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes. J Med Chem 33:1572\u20131581","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"188_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.10.4553","volume":"8","author":"RH Purdy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Purdy RH, Morrow AL, Moore PH, Paul SM (1991) Stress-induced elevations of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-active steroids in the rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8:4553\u20134557","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"188_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300432","volume":"29","author":"AM Rasmusson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rasmusson AM, Vasek J, Lipschitz DS, Vojvoda D, Mustone ME, Shi Q, Gudmundsen G, Morgan CA, Wolfe J, Charney DS (2004) An increased capacity for adrenal DHEA release is associated with decreased avoidance and negative mood symptoms in women with PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1546\u20131557","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01447-3","volume":"752","author":"DS Reddy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reddy DS, Kulkarni SK (1997) Differential anxiolytic effects of neurosteroids in the mirrored chamber behavior test in mice. Brain Res 752:61\u201371","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199809140-00028","volume":"9","author":"DS Reddy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reddy DS, Kaur G, Kulkarni SK (1998) Sigma (\u03c31) receptor mediated antidepressant-like effects of neurosteroids in the Porsolt forced swim test. Neuroreport 9:3069\u20133073","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"188_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00023-3","volume":"24","author":"DS Reddy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reddy DS (2003) Is there a physiological role for the neurosteroid THDOC in stress-sensitive conditions? Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:103\u2013106","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"188_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2004.09.003","volume":"62","author":"DS Reddy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reddy DS (2004) Role of neurosteroids in catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 62:99\u2013118","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"188_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.09.002","volume":"48","author":"DS Reddy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reddy DS, O'Malley BW, Rogawski MA (2005) Anxiolytic activity of progesterone in progesterone receptor knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 48:14\u201324","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.12.023","volume":"1000","author":"ME Rhodes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rhodes ME, Harney JP, Frye CA (2004) Gonadal, adrenal, and neuroactive steroids' role in ictal activity. Brain Res 1000:8\u201318","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)00258-N","volume":"49","author":"E Roberts","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roberts E (1995) Pregneolone\u2014from Selye to Alzheimer and a model of the pregnenolone sulfate binding site on the GABAA receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 49:1\u201316","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"188_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00339-0","volume":"59","author":"RJ Rodgers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rodgers RJ, Johnson NJ (1998) Behaviorally selective effects of neuroactive steroids on plus-maze anxiety in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59:221\u2013232","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"188_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.7.910","volume":"155","author":"E Romeo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Romeo E, Str\u00f6hle A, Spalletta G, di Michele F, Hermann B, Holsboer F, Pasini A, Rupprecht R (1998) Effects of antidepressant treatment on neuroactive steroids in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 155:910\u2013913","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00060-X","volume":"31","author":"R Rupprecht","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rupprecht R (1997) The neuropsychopharmacological potential of neuroactive steroids. J Psychiatr Res 31: 297\u2013314","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"188_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01399-5","volume":"22","author":"R Rupprecht","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rupprecht R, Holsboer F (1999) Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological perspectives. Trends Neurosci 22:410\u2013416","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"188_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00064-1","volume":"28","author":"R Rupprecht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rupprecht R (2003) Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28:139\u2013168","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"188_CR104","first-page":"1256","volume":"79","author":"PJ Schmidt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schmidt PJ, Purdy RH, Moore PH, Paul SM, Rubinow DR (1994) Circulating levels of anxiolytic steroids in the luteal phase in women with premenstrual syndrome and in control subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1256\u20131260","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"188_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.2.154","volume":"62","author":"PJ Schmidt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schmidt PJ, Daly RC, Bloch M, Smith MJ, Danaceau MA, St Clair LS, Murphy JH, Haq N, Rubinow DR (2005) Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife-onset major and minor depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:154\u2013162","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300084","volume":"28","author":"C Sch\u00fcle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcle C, di Michele F, Baghai T, Romeo E, Bernardi G, Zwanzger P, Padberg F, Pasini A, Rupprecht R (2003) Influence of sleep deprivation on neuroactive steroids in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:577\u2013581","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"188_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13.3.396","volume":"13","author":"T Semeniuk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Semeniuk T, Jhangri GS, Le Melledo JM (2001) Neuroactive steroid levels in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 13:396\u2013398","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"188_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100853","volume":"158","author":"M Serra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Serra M, Pisu MG, Muggironi M, Parodo V, Papi G, Sari R, Dazzi L, Spiga F, Purdy RH, Biggio G (2001) Opposite effects of short- versus long-term administration of fluoxetine on the concentrations of neuroactive steroids in rat plasma and brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158:48\u201354","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"188_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110201600203","volume":"16","author":"M Serra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Serra M, Pisul MG, Dazzi L, Purdy RH, Biggio G (2002) Prevention of the stress-induced increase in the concentration of neuroactive steroids in rat brain by long-term administration of mirtazapine but not of fluoxetine. J Psychopharmacol 16:133\u2013138","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"188_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2003.09.002","volume":"43","author":"JM Silvers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Silvers JM, Tokunaga S, Berry RB, White AM, Matthews DB (2003) Impairments in spatial learning and memory: ethanol, allopregnanolone, and the hippocampus. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 43:275\u2013284","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"188_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000064806","volume":"71","author":"HP Sondergaard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sondergaard HP, Hansson LO, Theorell T (2002) Elevated blood levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate vary with symptom load in posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a longitudinal study of refugees in Sweden. Psychother Psychosom 71:298\u2013303","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"188_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002731","volume":"30","author":"B Spivak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Spivak B, Maayan R, Kotler M, Mester R, Gil-Ad I, Shtaif B, Weizman A (2000) Elevated circulatory level of GABAA-antagonistic neurosteroids in patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 30:1227\u20131231","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"188_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2741\/1055","volume":"8","author":"A Steiger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steiger A (2003) Sleep and endocrine regulation. Front Biosci 8:358\u2013376","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"188_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00236-4","volume":"45","author":"A Str\u00f6hle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Str\u00f6hle A, Romeo E, Hermann B, Pasini A, Spalletta G, di Michele F, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (1999) Concentrations of 3\u03b1-reduced neuroactive steroids and their precursors in plasma of patients with major depression and after clinical recovery. Biol Psychiatry 45:247\u2013277","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(00)00006-6","volume":"34","author":"A Str\u00f6hle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Str\u00f6hle A, Pasini A, Romeo E, Hermann B, Spalletta G, di Michele F, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (2000) Fluoxetine decreases concentrations of 3\u03b1, 5\u03b1-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 34:183\u2013186","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"188_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.145","volume":"159","author":"A Str\u00f6hle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Str\u00f6hle A, Romeo E, di Michele F, Pasini A, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (2002) GABAA receptor modulatory neuroactive steroid composition in panic disorder and during paroxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 159:145\u2013147","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.161","volume":"60","author":"A Str\u00f6hle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Str\u00f6hle A, Romeo E, di Michele F, Pasini A, Hermann B, Gajewsky G, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (2003) Induced panic attacks shift gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulatory neuroactive steroid composition in patients with panic disorder: preliminary results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:161\u2013168","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.133","volume":"60","author":"RD Strous","year":"2003","unstructured":"Strous RD, Maayan R, Lapidus R, Stryjer R, Lustig M, Kotler M, Weizman A (2003) Dehydroepiandrosterone augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:133\u2013141","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-002-0147-1","volume":"6","author":"I Sundstrom Poromaa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sundstrom Poromaa I, Smith S, Gulinello M (2003) GABA receptors, progesterone and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Arch Women Ment Health 6:23\u201341","journal-title":"Arch Women Ment Health"},{"key":"188_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00051-8","volume":"27","author":"GR Tait","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tait GR, McManus K, Bellavance F, Nathalie L, Chrapko W, Le Melledo JM (2002) Neuroactive steroid changes in response to challenge with the panicogenic agent pentagastrin. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27:417\u2013429","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"188_CR121","first-page":"1273","volume":"79","author":"G Thomas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thomas G, Frenoy N, Legrain S, Sebag-Lanoe R, Baulieu EE, Debuire B (1994) Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels as an individual marker. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1273\u20131276","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"188_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239009150005","volume":"2","author":"GD Tollefson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tollefson GD, Haus E, Garvey MJ, Evans M, Tuason VB (1990) 24 hour urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in unipolar depression treated with cognitive and\/or pharmacotherapy. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2:39\u201345","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13451","DOI":"10.1021\/bi026109w","volume":"41","author":"JW Trauger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Trauger JW, Jiang A, Stearns BA, LoGrasso PV (2002) Kinetics of allopregnanolone formation catalyzed by human 3 \u03b1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (AKR1C2). Biochemistry 41:13451\u201313459","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"188_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29502-1","volume":"98","author":"A Urani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Urani A, Roman FJ, Phan V-L, Su T-P, Maurice T (2001) The antidepressant-like effect induced by \u03c31-receptor agonists and neuroactive steroids in mice submitted to the forced swimming test. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298:1269\u20131279","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"188_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12599","volume":"93","author":"DP Uzunov","year":"1996","unstructured":"Uzunov DP, Cooper TB, Costa E, Guidotti A (1996) Fluoxetine-elicited changes in brain neurosteroid content measured by negative ion mass fragmentography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:12599\u201312604","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"188_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3239","volume":"95","author":"V Uzunova","year":"1998","unstructured":"Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, Guidotti A (1998) Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:3239\u20133244","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"188_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02577-0","volume":"976","author":"V Uzunova","year":"2003","unstructured":"Uzunova V, Ceci M, Kohler C, Uzunov DP, Wrynn AS (2003) Region-specific dysregulation of allopregnanolone brain content in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. Brain Res 976:1\u20138","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.12.002","volume":"486","author":"V Uzunova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Uzunova V, Wrynn AS, Kinnunen A, Ceci M, Kohler C, Uzunov DP (2004) Chronic antidepressants reverse cerebrocortical allopregnanolone decline in the olfactory-bulbectomized rat. Eur J Pharmacol 486:31\u201334","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"188_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2004.07.012","volume":"39","author":"M Vallee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vallee M, George O, Vitiello S, Le Moal M, Mayo W (2004) New insights into the role of neuroactive steroids in cognitive aging. Exp Gerontol 39:1695\u20131704","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"188_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829609025661","volume":"17","author":"W Vanselow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vanselow W, Dennerstein L, Greenwood KM, de Lignieres B (1996) Effect of progesterone and its 5 alpha and 5 beta metabolites on symptoms of premenstrual syndrome according to route of administration. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 17:29\u201338","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"188_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91658-N","volume":"565","author":"S Wieland","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wieland S, Lan NC, Mirasedeghi S, Gee KW (1991) Anxiolytic activity of the progesterone metabolite 5\u03b1-pregnan-3\u03b1-ol-20-one. Brain Res 565:263\u2013268","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"188_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245251","volume":"118","author":"S Wieland","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wieland S, Belluzi JD, Stein L, Lan NC (1995) Comparative behavioral characterization of the neuroactive steroids 3\u03b1-OH, 5\u03b1-pregnan-20-one and 3\u03b1-OH,5\u03b2-pregnan-20-one in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Biol) 118:65\u201371","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Biol)"},{"key":"188_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00043-1","volume":"41","author":"OM Wolkowitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Roberts E, Manfredi F, Chan T, Raum WJ, Ormiston S, Johnson R, Canick J, Brizendine L, Weingartner H (1997) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry 41:311\u2013318","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00267-4","volume":"45","author":"OM Wolkowitz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Chan T, Manfredi F, Raum W, Johnson R, Canick J (1999a) Antiglucocorticoid treatment of depression: double-blind ketoconazole. Biol Psychiatry 45:1070\u20131074","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.4.646","volume":"156","author":"OM Wolkowitz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Keebler A, Nelson N, Friedland M, Brizendine L, Roberts E (1999b) Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone. Am J Psychiatry 156:646\u2013649","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"188_CR136","first-page":"333","volume":"40","author":"F-S Wu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wu F-S, Gibbs TT, Farb DH (1991) Pregnenolone sulfate: a positive allosteric modulator at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Mol Pharmacol 40:333\u2013336","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"188_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(03)00109-2","volume":"38","author":"P Zwanzger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zwanzger P, Eser D, Padberg F, Baghai TC, Sch\u00fcle C, Rupprecht R, di Michele F, Romeo E, Pasini A, Str\u00f6hle A (2004) Neuroactive steroids are not affected by panic induction with 50\u00a0\u03bcg cholecystokinin\u2013tetrapeptide (CCK-4) in healthy volunteers. J Psychiatr Res 38:215\u2013217","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-005-0188-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-005-0188-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-005-0188-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]],"date-time":"2025-01-05T05:04:42Z","timestamp":1736053482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-005-0188-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,25]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-005-0188-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0033-3158"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-2072"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,25]]}}}