{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T16:25:38Z","timestamp":1784219138836,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]],"date-time":"2006-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,2]],"date-time":"2006-05-02T16:08:45Z","timestamp":1146586125000},"page":"425-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Preliminary evidence of reduced occipital GABA concentrations in puerperal women: a 1H-MRS study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"C. Neill","family":"Epperson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralitza","family":"Gueorguieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Czarkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Stiklus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Krystal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme F.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.002","volume":"56","author":"M Altemus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Altemus M, Fong J, Yang R, Damast S, Luine V, Ferguson D (2004) Changes in cerebrospinal fluid neurochemistry during pregnancy. Biol Psychiatry 56(6):386\u2013392","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(89)90053-X","volume":"14","author":"JA Apud","year":"1989","unstructured":"Apud JA, Cocchi D, Locatelli V, Masotto C, Muller EE, Racagni G (1989) Biochemical and functional aspects on the control of prolactin release by the hypothalamo-pituitary GABAergic system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 14:3\u201317","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"313_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910310612","volume":"31","author":"KL Behar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Behar KL, Boehm D (1994) Measurement of GABA following GABA-transaminase inhibition by gabaculine: a 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic study of rat brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 31:660\u2013667","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"313_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300107","volume":"30","author":"KL Behar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Behar KL, Ogino T (1993) Characterization of macromolecule resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of rat brain. Magn Reson Med 30:38\u201344","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.924","volume":"157","author":"M Bloch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, Murphy J, Nieman L, Rubinow DR (2000) Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry 157(6):924\u2013930","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E68","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0000068","volume":"1","author":"P Boutin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boutin P, Dina C, Vasseur F, Dubois S, Corset L, Seron K, Bekris L, Cabellon J, Neve B, Vasseur-Delannoy V, Chikri M, Charles MA, Clement K, Lernmark A, Froguel P (2003) GAD2 on chromosome 10p12 is a candidate gene for human obesity. PLoS Biol 1(3):E68","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"313_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33591-8","volume":"121","author":"MH Brophy","year":"1975","unstructured":"Brophy MH, Siiteri PK (1975) Pyridoxal phosphate and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 121(8):1075\u20131079","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"313_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80401-8","volume":"19","author":"AB Brussaard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brussaard AB, Kitts KS, Baker RE, Willems WP, Leyting-Vermeulen JL, Voorn P, Smit AB, Bicknell RJ, Herbison AE (1997) Plasticity in fast synaptic inhibition of adult oxytocin neurons caused by switch in GABAA receptor subunit expression. Neuron 19:1103\u20131114","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"22","key":"313_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13284","volume":"95","author":"A Concas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Concas A, Mostallino MC, Porcu P, Follesa P, Barbaccia ML, Trabucchi M, Purdy RH, Grisenti P, Biggio G (1998) Role of brain allopregnanolone in the plasticity of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor in rat brain during pregnancy and after delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(22):13284\u201313289","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"313_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00357-2","volume":"101","author":"EF Domino","year":"2000","unstructured":"Domino EF, Minoshima S, Guthrie SK, Ohl L, Ni L, Koeppe RA et al (2000) Effects of nicotine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in awake resting tobacco smokers. Neuroscience 101:277\u2013282","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-120018577","volume":"20","author":"BH Duvilanski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duvilanski BH, Alvarez MP, Castrillon PO, Cano P, Esquifino AI (2003) Daily changes of GABA and taurine concentrations in various hypothalamic areas are affected by chronic hyperprolactinemia. Chronobiol Int 20(2):271\u2013284","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"313_CR12","volume-title":"Daily rating of severity of problems form","author":"J Endicott","year":"1990","unstructured":"Endicott J, Harrison W (1990) Daily rating of severity of problems form. Department of Research Assessment and Training, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY"},{"key":"313_CR13","unstructured":"Epperson CN (1999) Postpartum major depression: detection and treatment. AFP Fam Pract Ann 59(8):2247\u201354, 2259\u20132260"},{"key":"313_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.9.851","volume":"59","author":"CN Epperson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Epperson CN, Haga KK, Mason GF, Sellers E, Gueorguieva R, Zhang W et al (2002) Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:851\u2013858","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.5.750","volume":"119","author":"D Furth-Walker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Furth-Walker D, Leibman D, Smolen A (1989) Changes in pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate in blood, liver and brain in the pregnant mouse. J Nutr 119(5):750\u2013756","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7427(02)00012-6","volume":"79","author":"I Gureviciene","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gureviciene I, Puolivali J, Pussinen R, Wang J, Tanila H, Ylinen A (2003) Estrogen treatment alleviates NMDA-antagonist induced hippocampal LTP blockade and cognitive deficits in ovariectomized mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 79(1):72\u201380","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"313_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton, M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23:56\u201362","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320504","volume":"32","author":"HP Hetherington","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hetherington HP, Telang F, Pan JW, Sammi M, Schuhlein D, Molina P, Volkow ND (1999) Evaluation of cerebral gray white matter metabolite differences by spectroscopic imaging at 4.1T. Magn Reson Med 32:565\u2013571","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"313_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1994.1386","volume":"221","author":"WC Hubbard","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hubbard WC, Bickel C, Schleimer RP (1994) Simultaneous quantitation of endogenous levels of cortisone and cortisol in human nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and plasma via gas chromatography-negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Biochem 221:109\u2013117","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"23","key":"313_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(81)90510-4","volume":"30","author":"PC Jobe","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jobe PC, Laird HE (1981) Neurotransmitter abnormalities as determinants of seizure susceptibility and intensity in the genetic models of epilepsy. Biochem Pharmacol 30(23):3137\u20133144","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1969.tb46397.x","volume":"166","author":"JA Klieger","year":"1969","unstructured":"Klieger JA, Altshuler CH, Krakow G, Hollister C (1969) Abnormal pyridoxine metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy. Ann NY Acad Sci 166(1):288\u2013296","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"313_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00788.2003","volume":"23","author":"JJ Koksma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koksma JJ, van Kesteren RE, Rosahl TW, Zwart R, Smit AB, Luddens H, Brussaard AB (2003) Oxytocin regulates neurosteroid modulation of GABAA receptors in the supraoptic nucleus around parturition. J Neurosci 23:788\u2013797","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"313_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.15.7019","volume":"90","author":"A Kumar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kumar A, Newberg A, Alavi A, Berlin J, Smith R, Relvich M (1993) Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in late-life depression and Alzheimer disease: a preliminary positron emission tomography study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:7019\u20137023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"313_CR24","volume-title":"SAS system for mixed models","author":"RC Littell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RD (1996) SAS system for mixed models. SAS Institute, Cary, NC"},{"key":"313_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(02)00510-6","volume":"20","author":"GF Mason","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mason GF, Rothman DL (2002) Graded image segmentation of brain tissue in the presence of inhomogeneous radio frequency fields. Magn Reson Imaging 20:431\u2013436","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-1-201","volume":"58","author":"GB Melis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Melis GB, Fruzzetti F, Paoletti AM, Mais V, Kemeny A, Strigni F, Boldrini A, Fioretti P (1984) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58(1):201\u2013205","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000083657","volume":"80","author":"NH Nakamura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nakamura NH, Rosell DR, Akama KT, McEwen BS (2004) Estrogen and ovariectomy regulate mRNA and protein of glutamic acid decarboxylases and cation-chloride cotransporters in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuroendocrinology 80(5):308\u2013323","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.93.2.158","volume":"93","author":"MW O\u2019Hara","year":"1984","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara MW, Neunaber DJ, Zekoski EM (1984) Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. J Abnorm Psychology 93(2):158\u2013171","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychology"},{"key":"313_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/09540269609037816","volume":"8","author":"MW O\u2019Hara","year":"1996","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara MW, Swain A (1996) Rates and risk of postpartum depression\u2014a meta analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 8:37\u201354","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.9.1197","volume":"39","author":"OA Petroff","year":"1989","unstructured":"Petroff OA, Spencer DD, Alger JR, Prichard JW (1989) High-field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human cerebrum obtained during surgery for epilepsy. Neurology 39:1197\u20131202","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"313_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00227.x","volume":"41","author":"OA Petroff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Petroff OA, Hyder F, Rothman DL, Mattson RH (2000) Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia 41:675\u2013680","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"313_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300604","volume":"30","author":"SW Provencher","year":"1993","unstructured":"Provencher SW (1993) Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med 30:672\u2013679","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"313_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.10.4553","volume":"88","author":"RH Purdy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Purdy RH, Morrow AL, Moore PH Jr, Paul SM (1991) Stress-induced elevations of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-active steroids in the rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:4553\u20134557","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"313_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.12.5662","volume":"90","author":"DL Rothman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rothman DL, Petroff OA, Behar KL, Mattson RH (1993) Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:5662\u20135666","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"313_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.11.1043","volume":"56","author":"G Sanacora","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Hyder F, Petroff OA et al (1999) Reduced cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AMA Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1043\u20131047","journal-title":"AMA Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"313_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.7.705","volume":"61","author":"G Sanacora","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R, Epperson CN, Wu YT, Appel M, Rothman DL, Krystal JH, Mason GF (2004) Subtype-specific alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. AMA Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(7):705\u2013713","journal-title":"AMA Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801223380401","volume":"338","author":"PJ Schmidt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR (1998) Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med 338(4):209\u2013216","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"313_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910380521","volume":"38","author":"J Shen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shen J, Rycyna RE, Rothman DL (1997) Improvements on an in vivo automatic shimming method [FASTERMAP]. Magn Reson Med 38:834\u2013839","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"313_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05275.1998","volume":"18","author":"SS Smith","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smith SS, Gong QH, Li X, Moran MH, Bitran D, Frye CA, Hsu FC (1998) Withdrawal from 3alpha-OH-5alpha-pregnan-20-One using a pseudopregnancy model alters the kinetics of hippocampal GABAA-gated current and increases the GABA A receptor alpha4 subunit in association with increased anxiety. J Neurosci 18(14):5275\u20135284","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"313_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90281-W","volume":"44","author":"A Smolen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smolen A, Smolen TN, Han PC (1993) Alterations in regional brain GABA concentrations and turnover during pregnancy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44:63\u201369","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"313_CR41","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R-non-patient edition (SCID-NP, Version 1.0)","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB (1990) Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R-non-patient edition (SCID-NP, Version 1.0). American Psychiatric, Washington, District of Columbia"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(84)90139-0","volume":"20","author":"M Takada","year":"1984","unstructured":"Takada M, Terakawa N, Aono T, Kurachi K, Tsuji M, Matsumoto K (1984) Divergent effects of prolactin on 4-ene-5 alpha reductase activity and the production of C19-steroids from progesterone in immature rat ovary. J Steroid Biochem 20(2):657\u2013661","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.6.1446611","volume":"131","author":"NG Weiland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Weiland NG (1992) Glutamic acid decarboxylase messenger ribonucleic acid is regulated by estradiol and progesterone in the hippocampus. Endocrinology 131(6):2697\u20132702","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.06.082","volume":"129","author":"MR Zamani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zamani MR, Levy WB, Desmond NL (2004) Estradiol increases delayed, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated excitation in the hippocampal CA1 region. Neuroscience 129(1):243\u2013254","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T12:31:18Z","timestamp":1558614678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]]}}}