{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:51:21Z","timestamp":1791309081193,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1171324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,26]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0703-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]],"date-time":"2007-02-12T07:25:26Z","timestamp":1171265126000},"page":"181-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The psychotherapeutic potential of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): an evidence-based review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"Parrott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"703_CR1","first-page":"52","volume":"10","author":"S Adamson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Adamson S, Metzner R (1988) The nature of the MDMA experience and its role in healing, psychotherapy, and spiritual practice. ReVision. J Conscious Change 10:52\u201379","journal-title":"J Conscious Change"},{"key":"703_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01423.x","volume":"101","author":"CA Baylen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baylen CA, Rosenberg H (2006) A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA\/ecstasy. Addiction 101:933\u2013947","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"703_CR3","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"JC Bouso","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bouso JC (2001) Using MDMA in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Holland J (ed) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"703_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1850-8","volume":"33","author":"R Buchert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buchert R, Thomasius R, Petersen K, Wilke F, Obrocki J, Nebeling B, Wartberg L, Zapletalova P, Clausen M (2006) Reversibility of ecstasy-induced reduction in serotonin transporter availability in polydrug ecstasy users. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:188\u2013199","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"703_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.003","volume":"76","author":"GKL Butler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Butler GKL, Montgomery AMJ (2004) Impulsivity, risk taking and recreational \u2018ecstasy\u2019 (MDMA) use. Drug Alcohol Depend 76:55\u201362","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"703_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200009000-00006","volume":"6","author":"CL Caton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Caton CL, Samet S, Hasin DS (2000) When acute-stage psychosis and substance use co-occur: differentiating substance-induced and primary psychotic disorders. J Psychiatr Pract 6:256\u2013266","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"703_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/429126a","volume":"429","author":"E Chack","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chack E (2004) The ups and downs of ecstasy. Nature 429:126\u2013128","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"703_CR8","volume-title":"The love drug: marching to the beat of ecstasy","author":"RS Cohen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohen RS (1998) The love drug: marching to the beat of ecstasy. Haworth Medical Press, New York State"},{"key":"703_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00222.x","volume":"97","author":"JC Cole","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cole JC, Bailey M, Sumnall HR, Wagstaff GF, King LA (2002) The contents of ecstasy tablets: implications for the study of their long-term effects. Addiction 97:1531\u20131536","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"703_CR10","first-page":"821","volume":"92","author":"HV Curran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Curran HV, Travill RA (1997) Mood and cognitive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cecstasy\u201d): weekend \u201chigh\u201d followed by mid-week \u201clow\u201d. Addiction 92:821\u2013831","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"703_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1713-6","volume":"173","author":"HV Curran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Curran HV, Rees H, Hoare T, Hoshi R, Bond A (2004) Empathy and aggression: two faces of ecstasy? A study of interpretative cognitive bias and mood change in ecstasy users. Psychopharmacology 173:425\u2013433","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.07.009","volume":"21","author":"AS Darvesh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darvesh AS, Gudelsky GA (2005) Evidence for a role of energy dysregulation in the MDMA-induced depletion of brain 5-HT. Brain Res 21:168\u2013175","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"703_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200403000-00005","volume":"19","author":"JR Davidson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davidson JR (2004) Remission in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): effects of sertraline as assessed by the Davidson Trauma Scale, Clinical Global Impressions and the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19:85\u201387","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199705\/06)12:3<221::AID-HUP854>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"12","author":"D Davison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davison D, Parrott AC (1997) Ecstasy in recreational users: self-reported psychological and physiological effects. Hum Psychopharmacol 12:91\u201397","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.08.001","volume":"25","author":"R Torre De la","year":"2004","unstructured":"De la Torre R, Farre M (2004) Neurotoxicity of MDMA (ecstasy): the limitations of scaling from animals to humans. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:505\u2013508","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"703_CR16","volume-title":"Fifty years of LSD: current status and future perspectives of hallucinogens","author":"A Dittrich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dittrich A (1994) Psychological aspects of altered states of consciousness of the LSD type. In: Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds) Fifty years of LSD: current status and future perspectives of hallucinogens. Parthenon, New York"},{"key":"703_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2002.10399952","volume":"34","author":"R Doblin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Doblin R (2002) A clinical plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): partnering with the FDA. J Psychoact Drugs 34:185\u2013194","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472366","volume":"18","author":"J Downing","year":"1986","unstructured":"Downing J (1986) The psychological and physiological effects of MDMA in normal volunteers. J Psychoact Drugs 18:335\u2013339","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106063271","volume":"20","author":"GJ Dumont","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dumont GJ, Verkes RJ (2006) A review of acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 20:176\u2013187","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR20","first-page":"2619","volume":"69","author":"PM Gahlinger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gahlinger PM (2004) Club drugs: MDMA, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and ketamine. Am Fam Phys 69:2619\u20132626","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"703_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00130-5","volume":"23","author":"A Gamma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gamma A, Buck A, Berthold T, Liechti ME, Vollenweider FX (2000) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) modulates cortical and limbic brain activity as measured by [H2 15 O]-PET in healthy humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:388\u2013395","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(01)00094-3","volume":"13","author":"G Gerra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Ampollini R, Giusti F, Delsignore R, Raggi MA, Laviola G, Macchia T, Brambilla F (2001) Experimentally induced aggressive behavior in subjects with 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (\u201cEcstasy\u201d) use history: psychobiological correlates. J Subst Abuse 13:471\u2013491","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"key":"703_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.3.3","volume":"55","author":"AR Green","year":"2003","unstructured":"Green AR, Mechan AO, Elliott JM, O\u2019Shea E, Colado MI (2003) The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cecstasy\u201d) Pharmacol Rev 55:463\u2013508","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"703_CR24","first-page":"57","volume":"2","author":"G Greer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Greer G (1985) Using MDMA in psychotherapy. Adv J Inst Adv Health 2:57\u201359","journal-title":"Adv J Inst Adv Health"},{"key":"703_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472364","volume":"18","author":"G Greer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Greer G, Tolbert R (1986) Subjective reports of the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting. J Psychoact Drugs 18:319\u2013327","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR26","volume-title":"The clinical, pharmacological and neurotoxicological effects of the drug MDMA","author":"G Greer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Greer G, Tolbert R (1990) The therapeutic use of MDMA. In: Peroutka SJ (ed) The clinical, pharmacological and neurotoxicological effects of the drug MDMA. Kluwer, New York"},{"key":"703_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1998.10399713","volume":"30","author":"G Greer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greer G, Tolbert R (1998) A method for conducting therapeutic sessions with MDMA. J Psychoact Drugs 30:371\u2013379","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.3.393","volume":"40","author":"L Grinspoon","year":"1986","unstructured":"Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1986) Can drugs be used to enhance the psychotherapeutic process? Am J Psychother 40:393\u2013404","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"703_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00078-2","volume":"73","author":"CS Grob","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grob CS, Poland RE, Chang L, Ernst T (1996) Psychobiologic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans: methodological considerations and preliminary observations. Behav Brain Res 73:103\u2013107","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"703_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2005.10399818","volume":"37","author":"C Guillot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guillot C (2005) A clinical crossroads for MDMA. J Psychoact Drugs 37:445\u2013447","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-003-0067-4","volume":"5","author":"JH Halpern","year":"2003","unstructured":"Halpern JH (2003) Hallucinogens: an update. Curr Psychiatry Rep 5:347\u2013354","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"703_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00046-3","volume":"23","author":"KM Hegadoren","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hegadoren KM, Baker GB, Bourin M (1998) 3,4-Methylenedioxy analogues of amphetamine: defining the risks to humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23:539\u2013553","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"703_CR33","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"J Holland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holland J (2001a) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"703_CR34","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"J Holland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holland J (2001b) Using MDMA in the treatment of schizophrenia. In: Holland J (ed) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"703_CR35","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"J Holland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holland J, Greer G (2001) Clinical experience with MDMA assisted psychotherapy. In: Holland J (ed) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"703_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01285547","volume":"104","author":"G Huether","year":"1997","unstructured":"Huether G, Zhou D, Ryuther E (1997) Causes and consequences of the loss of serotonergic presynapses elicited by the consumption of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cecstasy\u201d) and its congeners. J Neural Transmiss 104:771\u2013794","journal-title":"J Neural Transmiss"},{"key":"703_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38743.539398.3A","volume":"332","author":"AC Huizink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huizink AC, Ferdinand RF, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC (2006) Symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood and use of MDMA: prospective, population based study. Brit Med J 332:825\u2013828","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"703_CR38","volume-title":"Speed, ecstasy, ritalin: the science of the amphetamines","author":"L Iversen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iversen L (2006) Speed, ecstasy, ritalin: the science of the amphetamines. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"703_CR39","volume-title":"A primer of drug action","author":"RM Julien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Julien RM (2001) A primer of drug action. Freeman, New York"},{"key":"703_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.9.985","volume":"62","author":"JH Krystal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Perry EB Jr, Gueorguieva R, Belger A, Madonick SH, Abi-Dargham A, Cooper TB, Macdougall L, Abi-Saab W, D\u2019Souza DC (2005) Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model psychoses and cognitive function. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:985\u2013994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"703_CR41","volume-title":"Psychopharmacological agents for the terminally ill and bereaved","author":"AA Kurland","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kurland AA, Grof S, Pahnke WN, Goodman LE (1973) Psychedelic drug assisted psychotherapy in patients with terminal cancer. In: Goldberg IK, Malite S, Kutscher AH (eds) Psychopharmacological agents for the terminally ill and bereaved. Columbia University Press, New York"},{"key":"703_CR42","first-page":"29","volume":"10","author":"T Leary","year":"1969","unstructured":"Leary T (1969) The effects of consciousness-expanding drugs on prisoner rehabilitation. Psychedelic Rev 10:29\u201344","journal-title":"Psychedelic Rev"},{"key":"703_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400313","volume":"14","author":"ME Liechti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liechti ME, Vollenweider FX (2000) The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (\u2018Ecstasy\u2019) in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 14:269\u2013274","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000648","volume":"154","author":"ME Liechti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liechti ME, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX (2001) Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA. Psychopharmacology 154:161\u2013168","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199206000-00001","volume":"180","author":"MB Liester","year":"1992","unstructured":"Liester MB, Grob CS, Bravo GL, Walsh RN (1992) Phenomenology and sequelae of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use. J of Nerv Ment Dis 180:345\u2013352","journal-title":"J of Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"703_CR46","first-page":"a52","volume":"20","author":"J Lock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lock J, Kissling C, Thome J, Parrott AC (2006) Hormonal, temperature and mood changes in recreational Ecstasy\/MDMA users out clubbing: a brief prospective study. J Psychopharmacol 20:a52","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110101500310","volume":"15","author":"N MacInnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"MacInnes N, Handley SL, Harding GFA (2001) Former chronic methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users report mild depressive symptoms. J Psychopharmacol 15:181\u2013186","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000026665","volume":"42","author":"UD McCann","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCann UD, Eligulashvili V, Ricaurte GA (2000) 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (\u201cEcstasy\u201d)-induced serotonin neurotoxicity: clinical studies. Neuropsychobiology 42:11\u201316","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"703_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1998.10399709","volume":"30","author":"R Metzner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Metzner R (1998) Hallucinogenic drugs and plants in psychotherapy and shamanism. J Psychoact Drugs 30:333\u2013341","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR50","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"R Metzner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Metzner R, Adamson S (2001) Using MDMA in healing, psychotherapy and spiritual practice. In: Holland J (ed) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester, USA"},{"key":"703_CR51","unstructured":"Mithoefer MC (2005) Phase 2 clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic post traumatic stress disorder. Study #63-384 protocol downloaded from MAPS website"},{"key":"703_CR52","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"C Naranjo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Naranjo C (2001) Experience with interpersonal psychedelics. In: Holland J (ed) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"703_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472362","volume":"18","author":"DE Nichols","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nichols DE (1986) Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens. J Psychoact Drugs 18:305\u2013313","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106064592","volume":"20","author":"DJ Nutt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nutt DJ (2006) A tale of two E\u2019s. J Psychopharmacol 20:315\u2013317","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1748-8","volume":"173","author":"MC O\u2019Regan","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Regan MC, Clow A (2004) Decreased pain tolerance and mood in recreational users of MDMA. Psychopharmacology 173:446\u2013451","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.351","volume":"16","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2001) Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of fifteen years of empirical research. Hum Psychopharmacol 16:557\u2013577","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00711-0","volume":"71","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2002) Recreational Ecstasy\/MDMA, the serotonin syndrome, and serotonergic neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71:837\u2013844","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"703_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1712-7","volume":"173","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2004a) Is Ecstasy MDMA? A review of the proportion of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA, dosage levels, and the changing perceptions of purity. Psychopharmacology 173:234\u2013241","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1159\/000080961","volume":"50","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2004b) MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy: the neuropsychobiological implications of taking it at dances and raves. Neuropsychobiology 50:329\u2013335","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"703_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106063268","volume":"20","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2006) MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational Ecstasy users, the integrative role of bio-energetic stress. J Psychopharmacol 20:147\u2013163","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106073123","volume":"21","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2007a) Ecstasy versus alcohol: Tolstoy and the variations of unhappiness. J Psychopharmacol 21:3\u20136","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106075426","volume":"21","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parrott AC (2007b) Alcohol, ecstasy, Aldous Huxley\u2019s \u2018soma\u2019. J Psychopharmacol 21:8\u20139","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050714","volume":"139","author":"AC Parrott","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parrott AC, Lasky J (1998) Ecstasy (MDMA) effects upon mood and cognition; before, during, and after a Saturday night dance. Psychopharmacology 139:261\u2013268","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR64","first-page":"105","volume":"60","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parrott AC, Sisk E, Turner J (2000) Psychobiological problems in heavy \u2018ecstasy\u2019 (MDMA) polydrug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 60:105\u2013110","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"703_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100897","volume":"159","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parrott AC, Milani R, Parmar R, Turner JJD (2001) Ecstasy polydrug users and other recreational drug users in Britain and Italy: psychiatric symptoms and psychobiological problems. Psychopharmacology 159:77\u201382","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.415","volume":"17","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Scholey AB, Heffernan TM, Ling J, Rodgers J (2002) Ecstasy attributed problems reported by novice, moderate and heavy recreational users. Hum Psychopharmacol 17:309\u2013312","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR67","volume-title":"Understanding drugs and behaviour","author":"A Parrott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parrott A, Morinan A, Moss M, Scholey A (2004) Understanding drugs and behaviour. Wiley, Chichester"},{"key":"703_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02854904","volume":"8","author":"MS Quinton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quinton MS, Yamamoto BK (2006) Causes and consequences of methamphetamine and MDMA toxicity. AAPS J 8:337\u2013347","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"703_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106061515","volume":"20","author":"L Reneman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reneman L, de Win MM, van den Brink W, Booij J, den Heeten GJ (2006) Neuroimaging findings with MDMA\/ecstasy: technical aspects, conceptual issues and future prospects. J Psychopharmacol 20:164\u2013175","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000026664","volume":"42","author":"GA Ricaurte","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ricaurte GA, Yuan J, McCann UD (2000) (\u00b1) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cEcstasy\u201d)-induced serotonin neurotoxicity: studies in animals. Neuropsychobiology 42:5\u201310","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"703_CR71","volume-title":"Ecstasy: the complete guide","author":"JE Riedlinger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Riedlinger JE, Montagne D (2001) Using MDMA in the treatment of depression. In: Holland J (ed) Ecstasy: the complete guide. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"703_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1994.10472600","volume":"26","author":"TJ Riedlinger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Riedlinger TJ, Riedlinger JE (1994) Psychedelic and entactogenic drugs in the treatment of depression. J Psychoact Drugs 26:41\u201355","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105058777","volume":"20","author":"J Rodgers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rodgers J, Buchanan T, Pearson C, Parrott AC, Ling J, Heffernan TM, Scholey AB (2006) Differential experiences of the psychobiological sequelae of ecstasy use: quantitative and qualitative data from an internet study. J Psychopharmacol 20:437\u2013446","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR74","volume-title":"Ecstasy reconsidered","author":"N Saunders","year":"1997","unstructured":"Saunders N (1997) Ecstasy reconsidered. Neal\u2019s Yard Desktop Publishing, London"},{"key":"703_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000026667","volume":"42","author":"F Schifano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schifano F (2000) Potential human neurotoxicity of MDMA (\u2018Ecstasy\u2019): subjective self-reports, evidence form an Italian drug addiction centre and clinical case studies. Neuropsychobiology 42:25\u201333","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"703_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.022","volume":"29","author":"AB Scholey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scholey AB, Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Heffernan T, Ling J, Rodgers J (2004) Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy\/MDMA users: a www study. Addict Behav 29:743\u2013752","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"703_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472361","volume":"18","author":"AT Shulgin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shulgin AT (1986) The background and chemistry of MDMA. J Psychoact Drugs 18:291\u2013304","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"703_CR78","volume-title":"The psychopharmacology of the hallucinogens","author":"AT Shulgin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shulgin AT, Nichols DE (1978) Characterization of three new psychotomimetics. In: Stillman RC, Willette RE (eds) The psychopharmacology of the hallucinogens. Pergamon, New York"},{"key":"703_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.350","volume":"16","author":"K Soar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Soar K, Turner JJD, Parrott AC (2001) Psychiatric disorders in recreational ecstasy (MDMA) users: a literature review focusing upon personal predisposition factors and drug histories. Hum Psychopharmacol 16:641\u2013646","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR80","first-page":"391","volume":"11","author":"MH Stone","year":"1973","unstructured":"Stone MH (1973) Drug-related schizophrenic syndromes. Int J Psychiatr 11:391\u2013437","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatr"},{"key":"703_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106059486","volume":"20","author":"R Thomasius","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomasius R, Zapletalova P, Petersen K, Buchert R, Andresen B, Wartberg L, Nebeling B, Schmoldt A (2006) Mood, cognition and serotonin transporter availability in current and former ecstasy (MDMA) users: the longitudinal perspective. J Psychopharmacol 20:211\u2013225","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR82","first-page":"a43","volume":"12","author":"JJD Turner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Turner JJD, Nicolas L, Parrott AC (1998) Reduced calorie intake in the week following weekend MDMA (ecstasy) use. J Psychopharmacol 12:a43","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"703_CR83","first-page":"135","volume":"37","author":"P Tucker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tucker P, Potter-Kimball R, Wyatt DB, Parker DE, Burgin C, Jones DE, Masters BK (2003) Can physiologic assessment and side effects tease out differences in PTSD trials? A double-blind comparison of citalopram, sertraline, and placebo. Psychopharmacol Bull 37:135\u2013149","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"703_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1395197","volume":"19","author":"FX Vollenweider","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vollenweider FX, Gamma A, Liechti M, Huber T (1998) Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA (\u2018ecstasy\u2019) in MDMA-naive healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 19:241\u2013251","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"703_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106061514","volume":"20","author":"K Wolff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wolff K, Tsapakis EM, Winstock AR, Hartley D, Holt D, Forsling ML, Aitchison KJ (2006) Vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in response to the consumption of ecstacy in a clubbing population. J Psychopharmacol 20:400\u2013410","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-007-0703-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-007-0703-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-007-0703-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T12:31:34Z","timestamp":1558614694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-007-0703-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,26]]}},"alternative-id":["703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-007-0703-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]]}}}