{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:27:22Z","timestamp":1790692042283,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2042-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]],"date-time":"2010-11-03T08:14:47Z","timestamp":1288772087000},"page":"391-401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Tolerance and cross-tolerance to neurocognitive effects of THC and alcohol in heavy cannabis users"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Johannes G.","family":"Ramaekers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eef L.","family":"Theunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein","family":"de Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan W.","family":"Toennes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred R.","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhold","family":"Kauert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00087-2","volume":"58","author":"A Ameri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ameri A (1999) The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. Prog Neurobiol 58:315\u2013348","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2042_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/241060b0","volume":"241","author":"S Casswell","year":"1973","unstructured":"Casswell S, Marks D (1973) Cannabis induced impairment of performance of a divided attention task. Nature 241:60\u201361","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2042_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.1.41","volume":"85","author":"K Chen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chen K, Kandel DB (1995) The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample. Am J Public Health 85:41\u201347","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2042_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1169-0","volume":"164","author":"HV Curran","year":"2002","unstructured":"Curran HV, Brignell C, Fletcher S, Middleton P, Henry J (2002) Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164:61\u201370","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.114.4.830","volume":"114","author":"H Wit de","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Wit H, Crean J, Richards JB (2000) Effects of d-amphetamine and ethanol on a measure of behavioral inhibition in humans. Behav Neurosci 114:830\u2013837","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2042_CR6","unstructured":"DHHS\/SAMHSA (2007) Results from the 2007 National Survey of Drug Use and Health: National findings, pp 1\u2013294"},{"key":"2042_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301643","volume":"33","author":"DC D'Souza","year":"2008","unstructured":"D'Souza DC, Ranganathan M, Braley G, Gueorguieva R, Zimolo Z, Cooper T, Perry E, Krystal J (2008) Blunted psychotomimetic and amnestic effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in frequent users of cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:2505\u20132516","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2042_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.032","volume":"23","author":"DA Eldreth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2004) Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage 23:914\u2013920","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2042_CR9","unstructured":"EMCCDA (2009) Annual report 2009: the state of the drugs problem in Europe"},{"key":"2042_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00062-5","volume":"67","author":"MT Fillmore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fillmore MT, Rush CR, Hays L (2002) Acute effects of oral cocaine on inhibitory control of behavior in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 67:157\u2013167","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2042_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2005.01.028","volume":"81","author":"S Gonzalez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonzalez S, Cebeira M, Fernandez-Ruiz J (2005) Cannabinoid tolerance and dependence: a review of studies in laboratory animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81:300\u2013318","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2042_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00273-1","volume":"25","author":"CL Hart","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hart CL, van Gorp W, Haney M, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (2001) Effects of acute smoked marijuana on complex cognitive performance. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:757\u2013765","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2042_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1231-y","volume":"164","author":"CL Hart","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Comer SD, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (2002) Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164:407\u2013415","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90244-4","volume":"31","author":"SJ Heishman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE (1988) Alcohol and marijuana: comparative dose effect profiles in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31:649\u2013655","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2042_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90369-9","volume":"34","author":"SJ Heishman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Yingling JE (1989) Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior, subjective reports, and performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:173\u2013179","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2042_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.2.126","volume":"35","author":"BL Hungund","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hungund BL, Basavarajappa BS (2000) Are anandamide and cannabinoid receptors involved in ethanol tolerance? A review of the evidence. Alcohol Alcohol 35:126\u2013133","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2042_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg143","volume":"126","author":"L Iversen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iversen L (2003) Cannabis and the brain. Brain 126:1252\u20131270","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2042_CR18","unstructured":"Jex HR, McDonnell JD, Phatak AV (1966) A \u201ccritical\u201d tracking task for man-machine research related to the operator's effective delay time. I. Theory and experiments with a first- order divergent controlled element. NASA CR-616. NASA Contract Rep NASA CR: 1-105"},{"key":"2042_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143\u00a0S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1981.tb02589.x","volume":"21","author":"RT Jones","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jones RT, Benowitz NL, Herning RI (1981) Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. J Clin Pharmacol 21:143\u00a0S\u2013152\u00a0S","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2042_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1885-8","volume":"176","author":"G Kanayama","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kanayama G, Rogowska J, Pope HG, Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2004) Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176:239\u2013247","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.4.274","volume":"30","author":"GF Kauert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kauert GF, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Toennes SW (2006) Assay of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid-evaluation of the OraSure oral specimen collection device. J Anal Toxicol 30:274\u2013277","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2042_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0434-z","volume":"187","author":"KP Kuypers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuypers KP, Samyn N, Ramaekers JG (2006) MDMA and alcohol effects, combined and alone, on objective and subjective measures of actual driving performance and psychomotor function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 187:467\u2013475","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.307","volume":"16","author":"CT Lamers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lamers CT, Ramaekers JG (2001) Visual search and urban driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol. Hum Psychopharmacol 16:393\u2013401","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2042_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1124-0","volume":"163","author":"A Liguori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liguori A, Gatto CP, Jarrett DB (2002) Separate and combined effects of marijuana and alcohol on mood, equilibrium and simulated driving. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163:399\u2013405","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.10.2.276","volume":"10","author":"GD Logan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Logan GD, Cowan WB, Davis KA (1984) On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 10:276\u2013291","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"2042_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00445566","volume":"99","author":"DF Marks","year":"1989","unstructured":"Marks DF, MacAvoy MG (1989) Divided attention performance in cannabis users and non-users following alcohol and cannabis separately and in combination. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 99:397\u2013401","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR27","first-page":"185","volume":"5","author":"H Moskowitz","year":"1973","unstructured":"Moskowitz H (1973) Laboratory studies of the effects of alcohol on some variables related to driving. J Saf Res 5:185\u2013192","journal-title":"J Saf Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2042_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51\u00a0S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02582.x","volume":"18","author":"H Moskowitz","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moskowitz H (1984) Attention tasks as skills performance measures of drug effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18(Suppl 1):51\u00a0S\u201361\u00a0S","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2042_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4025.1022","volume":"175","author":"LM Newman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Newman LM, Lutz MP, Gould MH, Domino EF (1972) 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and ethyl alcohol: evidence for cross-tolerance in the rat. Science 175:1022\u20131023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2042_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2026.2002.00347.x","volume":"14","author":"CJ O'Kane","year":"2002","unstructured":"O'Kane CJ, Tutt DC, Bauer LA (2002) Cannabis and driving: a new perspective. Emerg Med (Fremantle) 14:296\u2013303","journal-title":"Emerg Med (Fremantle)"},{"key":"2042_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh036","volume":"39","author":"S Ortiz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ortiz S, Oliva JM, Perez-Rial S, Palomo T, Manzanares J (2004) Chronic ethanol consumption regulates cannabinoid CB1 receptor gene expression in selected regions of rat brain. Alcohol Alcohol 39:88\u201392","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2042_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.941116635.x","volume":"94","author":"A Perkonigg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Perkonigg A, Lieb R, Hofler M, Schuster P, Sonntag H, Wittchen HU (1999) Patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over time: incidence, progression and stability in a sample of 1228 adolescents. Addiction 94:1663\u20131678","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2042_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02064.x","volume":"103","author":"A Perkonigg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perkonigg A, Goodwin RD, Fiedler A, Behrendt S, Beesdo K, Lieb R, Wittchen HU (2008) The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence during the first decades of life. Addiction 103:439\u2013449, discussion 450-1","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2042_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.006","volume":"56","author":"M Pistis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pistis M, Perra S, Pillolla G, Melis M, Muntoni AL, Gessa GL (2004) Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons. Biol Psychiatry 56:86\u201394","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2042_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300894","volume":"31","author":"JG Ramaekers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KP (2006) Acute effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on behavioral measures of impulsivity: alone and in combination with alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:1048\u20131055","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2042_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.008","volume":"73","author":"JG Ramaekers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramaekers JG, Berghaus G, van Laar M, Drummer OH (2004) Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 73:109\u2013119","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2042_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301068","volume":"31","author":"JG Ramaekers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, van Ruitenbeek P, Theunissen EL, Schneider E, Moeller MR (2006a) High-Potency Marijuana Impairs Executive Function and Inhibitory Motor Control. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2296\u20132303. doi: 10.1038\/sj.npp.1301068","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2042_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.015","volume":"85","author":"JG Ramaekers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramaekers JG, Moeller MR, van Ruitenbeek P, Theunissen EL, Schneider E, Kauert G (2006b) Cognition and motor control as a function of Delta9-THC concentration in serum and oral fluid: limits of impairment. Drug Alcohol Depend 85:114\u2013122","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2042_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108092393","volume":"23","author":"JG Ramaekers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, Theunissen EL, Toennes SW, Moeller MR (2009) Neurocognitive performance during acute THC intoxication in heavy and occasional cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol 23:266\u2013277","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2042_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000603","volume":"154","author":"T Schulte","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schulte T, Muller-Oehring EM, Strasburger H, Warzel H, Sabel BA (2001) Acute effects of alcohol on divided and covert attention in men. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154:61\u201369","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2042_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490902786934","volume":"18","author":"RA Sewell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sewell RA, Poling J, Sofuoglu M (2009) The effect of cannabis compared with alcohol on driving. Am J Addict 18:185\u2013193","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"2042_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0082","volume":"298","author":"T Shallice","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shallice T (1982) Specific impairments of planning. Phil Trans of the Royal Society of London 298:199\u2013209","journal-title":"Phil Trans of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"2042_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(79)90168-0","volume":"10","author":"AJ Siemens","year":"1979","unstructured":"Siemens AJ, Doyle OL (1979) Cross-tolerance between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and ethanol: the role of drug disposition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 10:49\u201355","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2042_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(76)90104-0","volume":"5","author":"GL Sprague","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sprague GL, Craigmill AL (1976) Ethanol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: mechanism for cross-tolerance in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 5:409\u2013415","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2042_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.7.470","volume":"32","author":"SW Toennes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG, Theunissen EL, Moeller MR, Kauert GF (2008) Comparison of cannabinoid pharmacokinetic properties in occasional and heavy users smoking a marijuana or placebo joint. J Anal Toxicol 32:470\u2013477","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2042_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.4.216","volume":"34","author":"SW Toennes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG, Theunissen EL, Moeller MR, Kauert GF (2010) Pharmacokinetic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid of occasional and chronic users. J Anal Toxicol 34(4):216\u201321","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2042_CR47","first-page":"224","volume":"25","author":"A Vermeeren","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vermeeren A, Riedel WJ, van Boxtel MP, Darwish M, Paty I, Patat A (2002) Differential residual effects of zaleplon and zopiclone on actual driving: a comparison with a low dose of alcohol. Sleep 25:224\u2013231","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2042_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-001-0955-4","volume":"160","author":"A Wright","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wright A, Terry P (2002) Modulation of the effects of alcohol on driving-related psychomotor skills by chronic exposure to cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160:213\u2013219","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-010-2042-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T01:54:35Z","timestamp":1559786075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-010-2042-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-010-2042-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,30]]}}}