{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:53:51Z","timestamp":1792446831281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3992-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,22]],"date-time":"2015-06-22T01:56:35Z","timestamp":1434938195000},"page":"3391-3401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Longitudinal changes of dopamine transporters in heroin users during abstinence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Shasha","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongbin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingdang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daxu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199512000-00007","volume":"15","author":"JB Adams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adams JB, Pyke RE, Costa J, Cutler NR, Schweizer E, Wilcox CS, Wisselink PG, Greiner M, Pierce MW, Pande AC (1995) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a CCK-B receptor antagonist, CI-988, in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 15:428\u2013434","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3992_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.135","volume":"34","author":"TJR Beveridge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beveridge TJR, Smith HR, Nader MA, Porrino LJ (2009) Abstinence from chronic cocaine self-administration alters striatal dopamine systems in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:1162\u20131171","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12041","volume":"19","author":"JC Bustamante","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bustamante JC, Barros-Loscertales A, Costumero V, Fuentes-Claramonte P, Rosell-Negre P, Ventura-Campos N, Llopis JJ, Avila C (2014) Abstinence duration modulates striatal functioning during monetary reward processing in cocaine patients. Addict Biol 19:885\u2013894","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"3992_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.1995.1137","volume":"119","author":"SC Chang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chang SC (1995) The method of space-time conservation element and solution element\u2014a new approach for solving the Navier\u2013Stokes and Euler equations. J Comput Phys 119:295\u2013324","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"key":"3992_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-007-9179-4","volume":"28","author":"HY Chu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chu HY, Jin GZ, Friedman E, Zhen XC (2008) Recent development in studies of tetrahydroprotoberberines: mechanism in antinociception and drug addiction. Cell Mol Neurobiol 28:491\u2013499","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.08.001","volume":"184","author":"KP Cosgrove","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cosgrove KP, Tellez-Jacques K, Pittman B, Petrakis I, Baldwin RM, Tamagnan G, Seibyl J, Kosten T, Staley JK (2010) Dopamine and serotonin transporter availability in chronic heroin users: a I-123 beta-CIT SPECT imaging study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 184:192\u2013195","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3992_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.02.001","volume":"7","author":"G Chiara Di","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Chiara G, Bassareo V (2007) Reward system and addiction: what dopamine does and doesn\u2019t do (vol 7, pg 69, 2007). Curr Opin Pharmacol 7:233\u2013233","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"3992_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274","volume":"85","author":"G Dichiara","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dichiara G, Imperato A (1988) Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:5274\u20135278","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(97)00063-5","volume":"26","author":"RR Gainetdinov","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Fumagalli F, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998) Re-evaluation of the role of the dopamine transporter in dopamine system homeostasis. Brain Res Rev 26:148\u2013153","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"3992_CR10","author":"JL Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao JL, Tu SA, Liu J, Zhang JM, Huang YY, Han M, Liang JH (2014) An-jun-ning, a traditional herbal formula, attenuates spontaneous withdrawal symptoms via modulation of the dopamine system in morphine-dependent rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. doi: 10.1186\/1472-6882-14-308","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"3992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00192-X","volume":"96","author":"G Gerra","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Zambelli U, Delsignore R, Baroni MC, Laviola G, Macchia T, Brambilla F (2000) Neuroendocrine correlates of depression in abstinent heroin-dependent subjects. Psychiatry Res 96:221\u2013234","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.021","volume":"69","author":"C Goeldner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goeldner C, Lutz PE, Darcq E, Halter T, Clesse D, Ouagazzal AM, Kieffer BL (2011) Impaired emotional-like behavior and serotonergic function during protracted abstinence from chronic morphine. Biol Psychiatry 69:236\u2013244","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262090-00004","volume":"62","author":"G Gonzalez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gonzalez G, Oliveto A, Kosten TR (2002) Treatment of heroin (diamorphine) addiction\u2014current approaches and future prospects. Drugs 62:1331\u20131343","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"3992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","volume":"32","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hamilton M (1959) The assessment of anxiety-states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 32:50\u201355","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"3992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23:56\u201362","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.05.013","volume":"38","author":"SQ Hao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hao SQ, Zhao M, Zhang RW, Zhang JC, Zhang J, Feng XS (2013) The effectiveness comparison of Jitai tablets versus methadone in community-based drug treatment: a 1-year follow-up study. Addict Behav 38:2596\u20132600","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00217-9","volume":"63","author":"DT Hartz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hartz DT, Frederick-Osborne SL, Galloway GP (2001) Craving predicts use during treatment for methamphetamine dependence: a prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 63:269\u2013276","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1903-x","volume":"174","author":"A Heinz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heinz A, Goldman D, Gallinat J, Schumann G, Puls L (2004) Pharmacogenetic insights to monoaminergic dysfunction in alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology 174:561\u2013570","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3992_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500222456","volume":"10","author":"SW Jia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jia SW, Wang W, Liu Y, Wu ZM (2005) Neuroimaging studies of brain corpus striatum changes among heroin-dependent patients treated with herbal medicine, U\u2019finer (TM) capsule. Addict Biol 10:293\u2013297","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"3992_CR20","author":"MA Kabir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabir MA, Goh KL, Kamal SMM, Khan MMH (2013) Tobacco smoking and its association with illicit drug use among young men aged 15\u201324\u00a0years living in urban slums of Bangladesh. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0068728","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3992_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(94)00267-Q","volume":"26","author":"H Kim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kim H, Kang J, Oh K (1995) Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance ad dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen Pharmacol Vasc S 26:1071\u20131076","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol Vasc S"},{"key":"3992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(94)00267-Q","volume":"26","author":"HS Kin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kin HS, Kang JG, Oh KW (1995) Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen Pharmacol 26:1071\u20131076","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"key":"3992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00209-8","volume":"24","author":"SJ Kish","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kish SJ, Kalasinsky KS, Derkach P, Schmunk GA, Guttman M, Ang L, Adams V, Furukawa Y, Haycock JW (2001) Striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic markers in human heroin users. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:561\u2013567","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3992_CR24","first-page":"372","volume":"24","author":"MP Kung","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kung MP, Stevenson DA, Plossl K, Meegalla SK, Beckwith A, Essman WD, Mu M, Lucki I, Kung HF (1997) Tc-99m TRODAT-1: a novel technetium-99m complex as a dopamine transporter imaging agent. Eur J Nucl Med 24:372\u2013380","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"3992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00095-5","volume":"52","author":"A Laakso","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laakso A, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Vilkman H, Solin O, Syvalahti E, Hietala J (2001) Decreased striatal dopamine transporter binding in vivo in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res 52:115\u2013120","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res"},{"key":"3992_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000514","volume":"4","author":"TPJ Laine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laine TPJ, Ahonen A, Torniainen P, Heikkila J, Pyhtinen J, Rasanen P, Niemela O, Hillbom M (1999) Dopamine transporters increase in human brain after alcohol withdrawal. Mol Psychiatr 4:189\u2013191","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatr"},{"key":"3992_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1103.03016","volume":"21","author":"B Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee B, Kwon S, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH (2011) Wild ginseng attenuates repeated morphine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats. J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:757\u2013765","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.436","volume":"31","author":"B Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee B, Yang CH, Hahm DH, Lee HJ, Han SM, Kim KS, Shim I (2008) Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponins on behavioral sensitization and dopamine release induced by cocaine. Biol Pharm Bull 31:436\u2013441","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"3992_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300435","volume":"29","author":"F Leri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leri F, Tremblay A, Sorge RE, Stewart J (2004) Methadone maintenance reduces heroin- and cocaine-induced relapse without affecting stress-induced relapse in a rodent model of poly-drug use. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1312\u20131320","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00356.x","volume":"17","author":"C Leroy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leroy C, Karila L, Martinot JL, Lukasiewicz M, Duchesnay E, Comtat C, Dolle F, Benyamina A, Artiges E, Ribeiro MJ, Reynaud M, Trichard C (2012) Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter in cannabis and tobacco addiction: a high-resolution PET study. Addict Biol 17:981\u2013990","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"3992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.025","volume":"65","author":"SX Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li SX, Shi J, Epstein DH, Wang X, Zhang XL, Bao YP, Zhang D, Zhang XY, Kosten TR, Lu L (2009) Circadian alteration in neurobiology during 30\u00a0days of abstinence in heroin users. Biol Psychiatry 65:905\u2013912","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3992_CR32","author":"C-S Liang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liang C-S, Ho P-S, Yen C-H, Yeh Y-W, Kuo S-C, Huang C-C, Chen C-Y, Shih M-C, Ma K-H, Huang S-Y (2014) Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density associated with working memory deficits in opioid-dependent male subjects: a SPECT study. Addict Biol. doi: 10.1111\/adb.12203","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"3992_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.01.011","volume":"231","author":"SH Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin SH, Chen KC, Lee SY, Chiu NT, Lee IH, Chen PS, Yeh TL, Lu RB, Chen CC, Liao MH, Yang YK (2015) The association between heroin expenditure and dopamine transporter availability\u2014a single-photon emission computed tomography study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 231:292\u2013297","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3992_CR34","author":"J Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu J, Gao JL, Tu SA, Xu SS, Liu Y, Shang WH, Gu CX, Huang YY, Han M (2014) Neuroprotective effects of Jitai tablet, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the MPTP-induced acute model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: involvement of the dopamine system. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med. doi: 10.1155\/2014\/542383","journal-title":"Evid-Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"3992_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-008-9290-1","volume":"29","author":"TT Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu TT, Shi J, Epstein DH, Bao YP, Lu L (2009) A meta-analysis of Chinese herbal medicine in treatment of managed withdrawal from heroin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 29:17\u201325","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3992_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3148-z","volume":"230","author":"Y Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu Y, Han M, Liu XD, Deng YP, Li Y, Yuan J, Lv RB, Wang YK, Zhang GM, Gao JL (2013) Dopamine transporter availability in heroin-dependent subjects and controls: longitudinal changes during abstinence and the effects of Jitai tablets treatment. Psychopharmacology 230:235\u2013244","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3992_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.832","volume":"155","author":"RT Malison","year":"1998","unstructured":"Malison RT, Best SE, van Dyck CH, McCance EF, Wallace EA, Laruelle M, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Price LH, Kosten TR, Innis RB (1998) Elevated striatal dopamine transporters during acute cocaine abstinence as measured by I-123 beta-CIT SPECT. Am J Psychiat 155:832\u2013834","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"3992_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08417.1998","volume":"18","author":"UD McCann","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F, Villemagne V, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA (1998) Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with C-11 WIN-35,428. J Neurosci 18:8417\u20138422","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3992_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.10.003","volume":"36","author":"T Renoir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Renoir T, Pang TY, Lanfumey L (2012) Drug withdrawal-induced depression: serotonergic and plasticity changes in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:696\u2013726","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3992_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-08-03293.2002","volume":"22","author":"F Rouge-Pont","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rouge-Pont F, Usiello A, Benoit-Marand M, Gonon F, Piazza PV, Borrelli E (2002) Changes in extracellular dopamine induced by morphine and cocaine: crucial control by D2 receptors. J Neurosci 22:3293\u20133301","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3992_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.8.x","volume":"95","author":"MA Sayette","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sayette MA, Shiffman S, Tiffany ST, Niaura RS, Martin CS, Shadel WG (2000) The measurement of drug craving. Addiction 95:S189\u2013S210","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3992_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990902933878","volume":"35","author":"J Shi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shi J, Li SX, Zhang XL, Wang X, Le Foll B, Zhang XY, Kosten TR, Lu L (2009) Time-dependent neuroendocrine alterations and drug craving during the first month of abstinence in heroin addicts. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 35:267\u2013272","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"3992_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.09.042","volume":"579","author":"J Shi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shi J, Zhao LY, Copersino ML, Fang YX, Chen Y, Tian A, Deng YP, Shuai YH, Jin J, Lu L (2008) PET imaging of dopamine transporter and drug craving during methadone maintenance treatment and after prolonged abstinence in heroin users. Eur J Pharmacol 579:160\u2013166","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3992_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.08.001","volume":"77","author":"R Tomer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tomer R, Goldstein RZ, Wang GJ, Wong C, Volkow ND (2008) Incentive motivation is associated with striatal dopamine asymmetry. Biol Psychol 77:98\u2013101","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"3992_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-18-07067.2000","volume":"20","author":"H Tsukada","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsukada H, Harada N, Nishiyama S, Ohba H, Kakiuchi T (2000) Cholinergic neuronal modulation alters dopamine D-2 receptor availability in vivo by regulating receptor affinity induced by facilitated synaptic dopamine turnover: positron emission tomography studies with microdialysis in the conscious monkey brain. J Neurosci 20:7067\u20137073","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3992_CR46","unstructured":"UNODC (2012) World Drug Report 2012. United Nations"},{"key":"3992_CR47","unstructured":"UNODC (2014) World Drug Report 2014. United Nations"},{"key":"3992_CR48","unstructured":"UNODC\/WHO (2013) Opioid overdose: preventing and reducing opioid overdose mortality. United Nations"},{"key":"3992_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2276-8","volume":"40","author":"A Varrone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varrone A, Dickson JC, Tossici-Bolt L, Sera T, Asenbaum S, Booij J, Kapucu OL, Kluge A, Knudsen GM, Koulibaly PM, Nobili F, Pagani M, Sabri O, Vander Borght T, Van Laere K, Tatsch K (2013) European multicentre database of healthy controls for I-123 FP-CIT SPECT (ENC-DAT): age-related effects, gender differences and evaluation of different methods of analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 40:213\u2013227","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"3992_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9414","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09414.2001","volume":"21","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Sedler M, Gatley SJ, Miller E, Hitzemann R, Ding YS, Logan J (2001a) Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. J Neurosci 21:9414\u20139418","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3992_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.377","volume":"158","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Leonido-Yee M, Franceschi D, Sedler MJ, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R, Ding YS, Logan J, Wong C, Miller EN (2001b) Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiat 158:377\u2013382","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"3992_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360218","volume":"36","author":"ND Volkow","year":"1994","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Logan J, Schlyer D, Macgregor R, Hitzemann R, Wolf AP (1994) Decreased dopamine transporters with age in healthy-human subjects. Ann Neurol 36:237\u2013239","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3992_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/386827a0","volume":"386","author":"ND Volkow","year":"1997","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fischman MW, Foltin RW, Fowler JS, Abumrad NN, Vitkun S, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Pappas N, Hitzemann R, Shea CE (1997) Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy. Nature 386:827\u2013830","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3992_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4561","volume":"24","author":"S-P Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang S-P, Liu L, Wang L-L, Jiang P, Zhang J-Q, Zhang W-D, Liu R-H (2010) Screening and analysis of the multiple absorbed bioactive components and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of Jitai tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography\/diode-array detection coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrometry 24:1641\u20131652","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"3992_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10470","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules170910470","volume":"17","author":"SP Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang SP, Liu L, Wang LL, Hu YH, Zhang WD, Liu RH (2012) Structural characterization and identification of major constituents in Jitai tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography\/diode-array detection coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Molecules 17:10470\u201310493","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3992_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200050011277","volume":"2","author":"SS Watkins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Watkins SS, Koob GF, Markou A (2000) Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal. Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob 2:19\u201337","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob"},{"key":"3992_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-699","volume":"2","author":"JM Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson JM, Kalasinsky KS, Levey AI, Bergeron C, Reiber G, Anthony RM, Schmunk GA, Shannak K, Haycock JW, Kish SJ (1996) Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nat Med 2:699\u2013703","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3992_CR58","first-page":"290","volume":"10","author":"JG Xiong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiong JG, Xiao ZX, Li J, Qin DS, Min MS, Yang JH, Wang YH, Yan L, Shu QL (2002) Clinical effect of Jitai tablet combined with lofexidine in the treatment of heroin dependence. Chin J Drug Depend 10:290\u2013292","journal-title":"Chin J Drug Depend"},{"key":"3992_CR59","first-page":"273","volume":"9","author":"G Xu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu G, Duan L, Wang Z, Liu R, Lu X, Wang Z, Tu Q, Sun G, Wang P, Cai Z (2000) A double-blind clinical trial of Jitai tablets vs Lofexidine in the treatment of heroin withdrawal symptoms. Chin J Drug Depend 9:273\u2013277","journal-title":"Chin J Drug Depend"},{"key":"3992_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2008.00817.x","volume":"29","author":"Z Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang Z, Shao YC, Li SJ, Qi JL, Zhang MJ, Hao W, Jin GZ (2008) Medication of l-tetrahydropalmatine significantly ameliorates opiate craving and increases the abstinence rate in heroin users: a pilot study. Acta Pharmacol Sin 29:781\u2013788","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"3992_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2454-6","volume":"220","author":"TL Yeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeh TL, Chen KC, Lin SH, Lee IH, Chen PS, Yao WJ, Lee SY, Yang YK, Lu RB, Liao MH, Chiu NT (2012) Availability of dopamine and serotonin transporters in opioid-dependent users\u2014a two-isotope SPECT study. Psychopharmacology 220:55\u201364","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3992_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.11.005","volume":"221","author":"J Yuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuan J, Lv RB, Brasic JR, Han M, Liu XD, Wang YK, Zhang GM, Liu CJ, Li Y, Deng YP (2014) Dopamine transporter dysfunction in Han Chinese people with chronic methamphetamine dependence after a short-term abstinence. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 221:92\u201396","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3992_CR63","first-page":"284","volume":"16","author":"LI Zihong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zihong LI, Yuanxing T, Shengzhong HUA, Ying W (2007) Efficacy of Jitai for protracted withdrawal symptoms in heroin dependent patients. Chin J Drug Depend 16:284\u2013287","journal-title":"Chin J Drug Depend"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-015-3992-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-015-3992-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-015-3992-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T19:41:48Z","timestamp":1748461308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-015-3992-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-015-3992-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]}}}