{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:00:43Z","timestamp":1782802843390,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1505392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1505392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4969-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T03:31:53Z","timestamp":1531539113000},"page":"2739-2753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Validation and optimisation of a touchscreen progressive ratio test of motivation in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5835-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Hailwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Saksida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Bussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.083113","volume":"78","author":"D Aarsland","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aarsland D, Br\u00f8nnick K, Ehrt U et al (2007) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.083113","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(98)00112-9","volume":"61","author":"JE Aberman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aberman JE, Ward SJ, Salamone JD (1998) Effects of dopamine antagonists and accumbens dopamine depletions on time-constrained progressive-ratio performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 61:341\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0091-3057(98)00112-9","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1995.63-331","volume":"63","author":"K Alling","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alling K, Poling A (1995) The effects of differing response-force requirements on fixed-ratio responding of rats. J Exp Anal Behav 63:331\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1995.63-331","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036299","volume":"123","author":"DM Barch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barch DM, Treadway MT, Schoen N (2014) Effort, anhedonia, and function in schizophrenia: reduced effort allocation predicts amotivation and functional impairment. J Abnorm Psychol 123:387\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036299","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"4969_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.01.012","volume":"34","author":"JH Barnett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnett JH, Robbins TW, Leeson VC, Sahakian BJ, Joyce EM, Blackwell AD (2010) Assessing cognitive function in clinical trials of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34:1161\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.01.012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1992.58-377","volume":"58","author":"A Baron","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baron A, Mikorski J, Schlund M (1992) Reinforcement magnitude and pausing on progressive-ratio schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 58:377\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1992.58-377","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1751-0","volume":"174","author":"J-C Bensadoun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bensadoun J-C, Brooks SP, Dunnett SB (2004) Free operant and discrete trial performance of mice in the nine-hole box apparatus: validation using amphetamine and scopolamine. Psychopharmacology 174:396\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-003-1751-0","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3700-5","volume":"232","author":"G Bezzina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bezzina G, Body S, Cheung THC, Hampson CL, Bradshaw CM, Glennon JC, Szabadi E (2015) Evidence for a role of 5-HT2C receptors in the motor aspects of performance, but not the efficacy of food reinforcers, in a progressive ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology 232:699\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-014-3700-5","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00025","volume":"10","author":"AR Bland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bland AR, Roiser JP, Mehta MA, Schei T, Boland H, Campbell-Meiklejohn DK, Emsley RA, Munafo MR, Penton-Voak IS, Seara-Cardoso A, Viding E, Voon V, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Elliott R (2016) EMOTICOM: a neuropsychological test battery to evaluate emotion, motivation, impulsivity, and social cognition. Front Behav Neurosci 10:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00025","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"4969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200303000-00012","volume":"11","author":"PA Boyle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boyle PA, Malloy PF, Salloway S, Cahn-Weiner DA, Cohen R, Cummings JL (2003) Executive dysfunction and apathy predict functional impairment in Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11:214\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00019442-200303000-00012","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"4969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.04.011","volume":"62","author":"TJ Bussey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bussey TJ, Holmes A, Lyon L, Mar AC, McAllister KAL, Nithianantharajah J, Oomen CA, Saksida LM (2012) New translational assays for preclinical modelling of cognition in schizophrenia: the touchscreen testing method for mice and rats. Neuropharmacology 62:1191\u20131203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.04.011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199503000-00004","volume":"6","author":"S Cheeta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cheeta S, Brooks S, Willner P (1995) Effects of reinforcer sweetness and the D2\/D3 antagonist raclopride on progressive ratio operant performance. Behav Pharmacol 6:127\u2013132","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"4969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.003","volume":"69","author":"TT Chong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chong TT, Bonnelle V, Manohar S et al (2015) Dopamine enhances willingness to exert effort for reward in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cortex 69:40\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.003","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"4969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1964.7-51","volume":"7","author":"JF Dardano","year":"1964","unstructured":"Dardano JF, Sauerbrunn D (1964) Selective punishment of concurrent progressive ratio behavior1. J Exp Anal Behav 7:51\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1964.7-51","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7044.113.4.718","volume":"113","author":"DM Eagle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eagle DM, Humby T, Dunnett SB, Robbins TW (1999) Effects of regional striatal lesions on motor, motivational, and executive aspects of progressive-ratio performance in rats. Behav Neurosci 113:718\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0735-7044.113.4.718","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"4969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00010","volume":"8","author":"T Enkel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Enkel T, Berger SM, Sch\u00f6nig K, Tews B, Bartsch D (2014) Reduced expression of nogo-a leads to motivational deficits in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 8:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00010","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"4969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427808","volume":"79","author":"JL Evenden","year":"1983","unstructured":"Evenden JL, Robbins TW (1983) Dissociable effects of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide and alpha-flupenthixol on choice and rate measures of reinforcement in the rat. Psychopharmacology 79:180\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00427808","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.3","volume":"40","author":"G Fervaha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fervaha G, Takeuchi H, Lee J, Foussias G, Fletcher PJ, Agid O, Remington G (2015) Antipsychotics and amotivation. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:1539\u20131548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2015.3","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.017","volume":"24","author":"G Foussias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foussias G, Agid O, Fervaha G, Remington G (2014) Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical features, relevance to real world functioning and specificity versus other CNS disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24:693\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.017","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"4969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437619","volume":"43","author":"RR Griffiths","year":"1975","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Findley JD, Brady JV, Dolan-Gutcher K, Robinson WW (1975) Comparison of progressive-ratio performance maintained by cocaine, methylphenidate and secobarbital. Psychopharmacologia 43:81\u201383","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"4969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4009-8","volume":"232","author":"CJ Heath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heath CJ, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM (2015) Motivational assessment of mice using the touchscreen operant testing system: effects of dopaminergic drugs. Psychopharmacology 232:4043\u20134057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-015-4009-8","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1196","volume":"155","author":"BC Ho","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ho BC, Nopoulos P, Flaum M, Arndt S, Andreasen NC (1998) Two-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: predictive value of symptoms for quality of life. Am J Psychiatry 155:1196\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1196","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1126\/science.134.3483.943","volume":"134","author":"W Hodos","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hodos W (1961) Progressive ratio as a measure of reward strength. Science 134:943\u2013944","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"4969_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1963.6-387","volume":"6","author":"William Hodos","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hodos W, Kalman G (1963) Effects of increment size and reinforcer volume on progressive ratio performance. J Exp Anal Behav 6:387\u2013392","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"4969_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.122","volume":"8","author":"AE Horner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horner AE, Heath CJ, Hvoslef-Eide M, Kent BA, Kim CH, Nilsson SRO, Alsi\u00f6 J, Oomen CA, Holmes A, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ (2013) The touchscreen operant platform for testing learning and memory in rats and mice. Nat Protoc 8:1961\u20131984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2013.122","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"4969_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00701.x","volume":"11","author":"Trevor Humby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Humby T, Laird FM, Davies W, Wilkinson LS (1999) Visuospatial attentional functioning in mice: interactions between cholinergic manipulations and genotype. Eur J Neurosci 11:2813\u20132823","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"4969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4007-x","volume":"232","author":"M Hvoslef-Eide","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hvoslef-Eide M, Mar AC, Nilsson SRO, Alsi\u00f6 J, Heath CJ, Saksida LM, Robbins TW, Bussey TJ (2015) The NEWMEDS rodent touchscreen test battery for cognition relevant to schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 232:3853\u20133872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-015-4007-x","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012497","volume":"35","author":"PR Killeen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Killeen PR, Posadas-Sanchez D, Johansen EB, Thrailkill EA (2009) Progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 35:35\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0012497","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"4969_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0312-0","volume":"10","author":"EW Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim EW, Phillips BU, Heath CJ, Cho SY, Kim H, Sreedharan J, Song HT, Lee JE, Bussey TJ, Kim CH, Kim E, Saksida LM (2017) Optimizing reproducibility of operant testing through reinforcer standardization: identification of key nutritional constituents determining reward strength in touchscreens. Mol Brain 10:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13041-017-0312-0","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"4969_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2171-1","volume":"215","author":"I Klinkenberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klinkenberg I, Blokland A (2011) A comparison of scopolamine and biperiden as a rodent model for cholinergic cognitive impairment. Psychopharmacology 215:549\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-011-2171-1","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1999.0597","volume":"41","author":"M Konstandi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Konstandi M, Johnson E, Lang MA et al (2000) Noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin: different effects of psychological stress on brain biogenic amines in mice and rats. Pharmacol Res 41:341\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/phrs.1999.0597","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"4969_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.05.008","volume":"13","author":"KL Lanct\u00f4t","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lanct\u00f4t KL, Ag\u00fcera-Ortiz L, Brodaty H, Francis PT, Geda YE, Ismail Z, Marshall GA, Mortby ME, Onyike CU, Padala PR, Politis AM, Rosenberg PB, Siegel E, Sultzer DL, Abraham EH (2017) Apathy associated with neurocognitive disorders: recent progress and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 13:84\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.05.008","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"4969_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49282.x","volume":"49","author":"AM Landes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Landes AM, Sperry SD, Strauss ME, Geldmacher DS (2001) Apathy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:1700\u20131707","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"4969_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90305-D","volume":"44","author":"IP Lapin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lapin IP (1993) Anxiogenic effect of phenylethylamine and amphetamine in the elevated plus-maze in mice and its attenuation by ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44:241\u2013243","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421941","volume":"34","author":"RC MacPhail","year":"1974","unstructured":"MacPhail RC, Gollub LR (1974) Independence of the effects of d-amphetamine and food deprivation or body weight on the food consumption of rats. Psychopharmacologia 34:163\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00421941","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"4969_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.123","volume":"8","author":"AC Mar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mar AC, Horner AE, Nilsson SRO, Alsi\u00f6 J, Kent BA, Kim CH, Holmes A, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ (2013) The touchscreen operant platform for assessing executive function in rats and mice. Nat Protoc 8:1985\u20132005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2013.123","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"4969_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000486","volume":"152","author":"S Mobini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mobini S, Chiang TJ, Ho MY, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2000) Comparison of the effects of clozapine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine on performance on a time-constrained progressive ratio schedule and on locomotor behaviour in the rat. Psychopharmacology 152:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002130000486","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2009.21.3.266","volume":"21","author":"P Naarding","year":"2009","unstructured":"Naarding P, Janzing JGE, Eling P et al (2009) Apathy is not depression in Huntington\u2019s disease. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 21:266\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.2009.21.3.266","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4969_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2015.01.014","volume":"113","author":"CM Olarte-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olarte-S\u00e1nchez CM, Valencia-Torres L, Cassaday HJ, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2015) Quantitative analysis of performance on a progressive-ratio schedule: effects of reinforcer type, food deprivation and acute treatment with \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Behav Process 113:122\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2015.01.014","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"4969_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.124","volume":"8","author":"CA Oomen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oomen CA, Hvoslef-Eide M, Heath CJ, Mar AC, Horner AE, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM (2013) The touchscreen operant platform for testing working memory and pattern separation in rats and mice. Nat Protoc 8:2006\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2013.124","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"4969_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.07.006","volume":"15","author":"KF Pedersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pedersen KF, Larsen JP, Alves G, Aarsland D (2009) Prevalence and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a community-based study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15:295\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.07.006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"4969_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-017-0260-7","volume":"45","author":"BU Phillips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips BU, Heath CJ, Ossowska Z, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM (2017) Optimisation of cognitive performance in rodent operant (touchscreen) testing: evaluation and effects of reinforcer strength. Learn Behav 45:252\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13420-017-0260-7","journal-title":"Learn Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427967","volume":"80","author":"M Poncelet","year":"1983","unstructured":"Poncelet M, Chermat R, Soubrie P, Simon P (1983) The progressive ratio schedule as a model for studying the psychomotor stimulant activity of drugs in the rat. Psychopharmacology 80:184\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00427967","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-605","volume":"12","author":"RW Powell","year":"1969","unstructured":"Powell RW (1969) The effect of reinforcement magnitude upon responding under fixed-ratio schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 12:605\u2013608","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR45","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing."},{"key":"4969_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300017","volume":"28","author":"RJ Ralph-Williams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ralph-Williams RJ, Lehmann-Masten V, Geyer MA (2003) Dopamine D1 rather than D2 receptor agonists disrupt prepulse inhibition of startle in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:108\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.npp.1300017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90161-6","volume":"35","author":"CT Randt","year":"1972","unstructured":"Randt CT, Quartermain D (1972) Motivation for electrical stimulation of the brain and for natural reinforcement in mice. Exp Neurol 35:366\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90161-6","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4969_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024475","volume":"74","author":"Robert A. Rescorla","year":"1967","unstructured":"Rescorla RA, Solomon RL (1967) Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychol Rev 74:151\u2013182","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"4969_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(95)00153-0","volume":"66","author":"NR Richardson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richardson NR, Roberts DC (1996) Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. J Neurosci Methods 66:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0270(95)00153-0","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"4969_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2009.91-75","volume":"91","author":"JF Rickard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rickard JF, Body S, Zhang Z, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2009) Effect of reinforcer magnitude on performance maintained by progressive-ratio schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 91:75\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.2009.91-75","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2001.34-145","volume":"34","author":"HS Roane","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roane HS, Lerman DC, Vorndran CM (2001) Assessing reinforcers under progressive schedule requirements. J Appl Behav Anal 34:145\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.2001.34-145","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Anal"},{"key":"4969_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)60628-5","volume":"23","author":"TW Robbins","year":"1982","unstructured":"Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (1982) Functional studies of the central catecholamines. Int Rev Neurobiol 23:303\u2013365","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"4969_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00439560","volume":"97","author":"DC Roberts","year":"1989","unstructured":"Roberts DC, Loh EA, Vickers G (1989) Self-administration of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule in rats: dose-response relationship and effect of haloperidol pretreatment. Psychopharmacology 97:535\u2013538","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4969_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.006","volume":"34","author":"Carola Romberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romberg C, Horner AE, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM (2013) A touch screen-automated cognitive test battery reveals impaired attention, memory abnormalities, and increased response inhibition in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 34:731\u2013744","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"4969_CR55","first-page":"399","volume":"85","author":"BJ Sahakian","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sahakian BJ, Owen AM (1992) Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: discussion paper. J R Soc Med 85:399\u2013402","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"4969_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310507","volume":"88","author":"JD Salamone","year":"1986","unstructured":"Salamone JD (1986) Different effects of haloperidol and extinction on instrumental behaviours. Psychopharmacology 88:18\u201323","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03327307","volume":"16","author":"JD Salamone","year":"1988","unstructured":"Salamone JD (1988) Dopaminergic involvement in activational aspects of motivation: effects of haloperidol on schedule-induced activity, feeding, and foraging in rats. Psychobiology 16:196\u2013206","journal-title":"Psychobiology"},{"key":"4969_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.021","volume":"76","author":"JD Salamone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salamone JD, Correa M (2012) The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine. Neuron 76:470\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"4969_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.013.2009","volume":"3","author":"JD Salamone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar AM et al (2009) Dopamine, behavioral economics, and effort. Front Behav Neurosci 3:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.08.013.2009","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"4969_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww050","volume":"139","author":"JD Salamone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salamone JD, Yohn SE, L\u00f3pez-Cruz L, San Miguel N, Correa M (2016) Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology. Brain 139:1325\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aww050","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"4969_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.48","volume":"36","author":"Benjamin T Saunders","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saunders BT, Robinson TE (2011) Individual variation in the motivational properties of cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:1668\u20131676","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.110.5.1049","volume":"110","author":"MC Schmelzeis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schmelzeis MC, Mittleman G (1996) The hippocampus and reward: effects of hippocampal lesions on progressive-ratio responding. Behav Neurosci 110:1049\u20131066","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"4969_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054127","volume":"47","author":"M Sidman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Sidman M, Stebbins WC (1954) Satiation effects under fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. J Comp Physiol Psychol 47:114\u2013116","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"4969_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.012","volume":"69","author":"EH Simpson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, Ward RD, Richards V, Lipatova O, Fairhurst S, Kandel ER, Balsam PD (2011) Pharmacologic rescue of motivational deficit in an animal model of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 69:928\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4969_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.1993.1019","volume":"24","author":"P Skjoldager","year":"1993","unstructured":"Skjoldager P, Pierre PJ, Mittleman G (1993) Reinforcer magnitude and progressive ratio responding in the rat: effects of increased effort, prefeeding, and extinction. Learn Motiv 24:303\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/lmot.1993.1019","journal-title":"Learn Motiv"},{"key":"4969_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150391","volume":"48","author":"G Spalletta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spalletta G, Long JD, Robinson RG, Trequattrini A, Pizzoli S, Caltagirone C, Orfei MD (2015) Longitudinal neuropsychiatric predictors of death in alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 48:627\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-150391","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"4969_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.069575","volume":"77","author":"SE Starkstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Starkstein SE, Jorge R, Mizrahi R, Robinson RG (2006) A prospective longitudinal study of apathy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:8\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.069575","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4969_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/00049537508255235","volume":"27","author":"WJ Stewart","year":"1975","unstructured":"Stewart WJ (1975) Progressive reinforcement schedules: a review and evaluation. Aust J Psychol 27:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00049537508255235","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"4969_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431700","volume":"86","author":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Thi\u00e9bot","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thi\u00e9bot MH, Le Bihan C, Soubri\u00e9 P, Simon P (1985) Benzodiazepines reduce the tolerance to reward delay in rats. Psychopharmacology 86:147\u2013152","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"4969_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006","volume":"35","author":"MT Treadway","year":"2011","unstructured":"Treadway MT, Zald DH (2011) Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:537\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4969_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(99)00020-8","volume":"8","author":"MR Weed","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weed MR, Taffe MA, Polis I, Roberts AC, Robbins TW, Koob GF, Bloom FE, Gold LH (1999) Performance norms for a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery: acquisition and long-term performance. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 8:185\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0926-6410(99)00020-8","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"4969_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3","volume-title":"ggplot2","author":"Hadley Wickham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wickham H (2009) ggplot2\u2014elegant graphics for data analysis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"4969_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.06.004","volume":"96","author":"D Wirtshafter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wirtshafter D, Stratford TR (2010) Evidence for motivational effects elicited by activation of GABA-A or dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 96:342\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.06.004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"4969_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.002","volume":"37","author":"JW Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young JW, Jentsch JD, Bussey TJ, Wallace TL, Hutcheson DM (2013) Consideration of species differences in developing novel molecules as cognition enhancers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:2181\u20132193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.002","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-018-4969-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-018-4969-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-018-4969-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T15:03:01Z","timestamp":1661612581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-018-4969-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-018-4969-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"TWR discloses consultancy with Cambridge Cognition, H. Lundbeck A\/S, Unilever and Mundipharma and has research grants with H. Lundbeck A\/S and Shionogi. LMS and TJB consult for Campden Instruments, Ltd. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}