{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:41:19Z","timestamp":1779115279623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"USM Short Term Research Grant","award":["304\/CDADAH\/6315105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/CDADAH\/6315105"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE) special funding","award":["311\/CDADAH\/4401009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CDADAH\/4401009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T04:02:22Z","timestamp":1627790542000},"page":"3183-3191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pentylenetetrazol-like stimulus is not produced following naloxone-precipitated mitragynine withdrawal in rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Illa S.","family":"Johari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norsyifa","family":"Harun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zarif M.","family":"Sofian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5934_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795371305","volume":"11","author":"JE Adkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adkins JE, Boyer EW, McCurdy CR (2011) Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Curr Top Med Chem 11:1165\u20131175","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"5934_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.03.009","volume":"141","author":"K Ahmad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmad K, Aziz Z (2012) Mitragyna speciosa use in the northern states of Malaysia: across-sectional study. J Ethnopharmacol 141:446\u2013450","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"317","key":"5934_CR3","first-page":"328","volume":"29","author":"IH Ayhan","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ayhan IH, Randrup A (1973) Behavioural and pharmacological studies on morphine-induced excitation of rats Possible Relation to Brain Catecholamines. Psychopharmacologia 29(317):328","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"5934_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1773-3","volume":"209","author":"GL Becker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker GL, Gerak LR, Li J, Koek W, France CP (2010) Precipitated and conditioned withdrawal in morphine-treated rats. Psychopharmacology 209(1):85\u201394","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"5934_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90177-5","volume":"52","author":"ME Bronson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bronson ME (1993) Withdrawal from chronic haloperidol substitutes for the pentylenetetrazol discriminative stimulus. Life Sci 52:129\u2013133","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"5934_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90389-7","volume":"50","author":"ME Bronson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bronson ME, Roberts J (1992) Withdrawal from chronic phencyclidine produces a pentylenetetrazol-like discriminative stimulus. Life Sci 50:499\u2013504","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"5934_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.005","volume":"202","author":"MA Coe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coe MA, Pillitteri JL, Sembower MA, Gerlach KK, Henningfield JE (2019) Kratom as a substitute for opioids: results from an online survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 202:24\u201332","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5934_CR8","first-page":"163","volume":"210","author":"AR Cools","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cools AR, Janssen HJ, Broekkamp CLE (1974) The differential role of the caudate nucleus and the linear raphe in the initiation and the maintenance of morphine-induced behaviour in cats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 210:163\u2013174","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn"},{"key":"5934_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00151-x","volume":"9","author":"SC Eastlack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eastlack SC, Cornett EM, Kaye AD (2020) Kratom - pharmacology, clinical implications and outlook: a comprehensive review. Pain Ther 9:55\u201369","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"5934_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(94)90181-3","volume":"25","author":"AOS El-Kadi","year":"1994","unstructured":"El-Kadi AOS, Sharif SI (1994) The influence of various experimental conditions on the expression of naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms in mice. Gen Pharmacol 25:1505\u20131510","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"key":"5934_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(84)90021-0","volume":"5","author":"MW Emmett-Oglesby","year":"1984","unstructured":"Emmett-Oglesby MW, Harris CM, Lane JD, Lal H (1984) Withdrawal from morphine generalizes to a pentylenetetrazol stimulus. Neuropeptides 5:37\u201340","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"5934_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00210836","volume":"92","author":"MW Emmett-Oglesby","year":"1987","unstructured":"Emmett-Oglesby MW, Herz A (1987) Opioid modulation of the discriminative stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol. Psychopharmacology 92:313\u2013319","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"5934_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430110302","volume":"11","author":"MW Emmett-Oglesby","year":"1987","unstructured":"Emmett-Oglesby MW, Mathis DA, Lal H (1987) Diazepam tolerance and withdrawal assessed in an animal model of subjective drug effects. Drug Dev Res 11:145\u2013156","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"5934_CR14","first-page":"337","volume":"116","author":"MW Emmett-Oglesby","year":"1991","unstructured":"Emmett-Oglesby MW, Rowan GA (1991) Drug discrimination used to study drug withdrawal. NIDA Res Monogr 116:337\u2013357","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"5934_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.08.011","volume":"18","author":"N Farah Idayu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farah Idayu N, Taufik Hidayat M, Moklas MAM, Sharida F, Nurul Raudzah AR, Shamima AR, Apryani E (2011) Anti-depressant like effect of mitragynine isolated from Mitragyna speciosa korth in mice model of depression. Phytomedicine 18:402\u2013407","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"5934_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849","volume":"208","author":"A Garcia-Romeu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Romeu A, Cox DJ, Smith KE, Dunn KE, Griffiths RR (2020) Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend 208:107849","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5934_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430160212","volume":"16","author":"DV Gauvin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gauvin DV, Harland RD, Holloway FA (1989) Drug discrimination procedures: a method to analyse adaptation level of affective states. Drug Dev Res 16:183\u2013194","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"5934_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(99)00095-6","volume":"21","author":"MB Gatch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gatch MB, Wallis CJ, Lal H (2000) Effects of ritanserin on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats. Alcohol 21:11\u201317","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"5934_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007","volume":"176","author":"O Grundmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grundmann O (2017) Patterns of kratom use and health impact in the US - results from an online survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 176:63\u201370","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5934_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00172876","volume":"90","author":"CM Harris","year":"1986","unstructured":"Harris CM, Emmett-Oglesby MW, Robinson NG, Lal H (1986) Withdrawal from chronic nicotine substitutes partially for the interoceptive stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Psychopharmacology 90:85\u201389","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"13","key":"5934_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3866-5","volume":"232","author":"N Harun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harun N, Hassan Z, Navaratnam V, Mansor SM, Shoaib M (2015) Discriminative stimulus properties of mitragynine (kratom) in rats. Psychopharmacology 232(13):2227\u20132238","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"5934_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05418-6","volume":"237","author":"N Harun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harun N, Johari IS, Mansor SM, Shoaib M (2020) Assessing physiological dependence and withdrawal potential of mitragynine using schedule-controlled behaviour in rats. Psychopharmacology 237:855\u2013867","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"5934_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012","volume":"37","author":"Z Hassan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, Yusoff NHM, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu R, Vicknasingam BK, Amato D, von H\u00f6rsten S, Ismail NIW, Jayabalan N, Hazim AI, Mansor SM, M\u00fcller CP (2013) From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:138\u2013151","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"5934_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00411","volume":"7","author":"R Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan R, Pike See C, Sreenivasan S, Mansor SM, M\u00fcller CP, Hassan Z (2020) Mitragynine attenuates morphine withdrawal effects in rats-a comparison with methadone and buprenorphine. Front Psychiatry 7(11):411","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"5934_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-014-0304-0","volume":"64","author":"AI Hazim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hazim AI, Ramanathan S, Parthasarathy S, Muzaimi M, Mansor SM (2014) Anxiolytic-like effects of mitragynine in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests in rats. J Physiol Sci 64:161\u2013169","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5934_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12639","volume":"24","author":"SE Hemby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemby SE, McIntosh S, Leon F, Cutler SJ, McCurdy CR (2019) Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Addict Biol 24(5):874\u2013885","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5934_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4813-4","volume":"235","author":"JE Henningfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Wang DW (2018) The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology 235(2):573\u2013589","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2020","key":"5934_CR28","first-page":"283","volume":"93","author":"LE Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson LE, Balyan L, Magdalany A, Saeed F, Salinas R, Wallace S, Veltri CA, Swogger MT, Walsh Z, Grundmann O (2020) The potential for kratom as an antidepressant and antipsychotic. Yale J Biol Med 93(2020):283\u2013289","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"5934_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2844","volume":"319","author":"CM Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones CM, Einstein EB, Compton WM (2018) Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010\u20132016. JAMA 319(17):1819\u20131821","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5934_CR30","first-page":"576","volume":"292","author":"ME Jung","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jung ME, Wallis CJ, Gatch MB, Lal H (1999) Sex differences in the pentylenetetrazol-like stimulus induced by ethanol withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:576\u2013582","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"5934_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00010-6","volume":"26","author":"ME Jung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jung ME, Lal H, Gatch MB (2002) The discriminative stimulus effects of pentylenetetrazol as a model of anxiety: recent developments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:429\u2013439","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5934_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00458-X","volume":"115","author":"B Kest","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kest B, Palmese CA, Hopkins E, Adler M, Juni A, Mogil JS (2002) Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping in 11 inbred mouse strains: evidence for common genetic mechanisms in acute and chronic morphine physical dependence. Neuroscience 115(2):463\u2013469","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"5934_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2019.01.003","volume":"33","author":"S Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim S (2019) The unsuspected threat of three opioid-like substitutes. Arch Psychiat Nurs 33:325\u2013328","journal-title":"Arch Psychiat Nurs"},{"key":"5934_CR34","volume-title":"Neurobiology of addiction","author":"G Koob","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koob G, Le Moal M (2005a) Neurobiology of addiction. Academic press, San Diego"},{"key":"5934_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1105-1442","volume":"8","author":"G Koob","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koob G, Le Moal M (2005b) Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the \u2018dark side\u2019 of drug addiction. Nat Neurosci 8:1442\u20131444","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"5934_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026","volume":"134","author":"AC Kruegel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kruegel AC, Grundmann O (2018) The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: a preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology 134:108\u2013120","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"5934_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(83)90111-9","volume":"22","author":"H Lal","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lal H, Emmett-Oglesby MW (1983) Behavioural analogues of anxiety. Anim Models Neuropharmacol 22:1423\u20131441","journal-title":"Anim Models Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"5934_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.07.008","volume":"43","author":"MFI Leong Bin Abdullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Singh D, Swogger MT, Rahim AA, Vicknasingam B (2019) The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa korth.) users in Malaysia. Asian J Psychiatr 43:197\u2013201","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"5934_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00432-8","volume":"59","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Matsumoto K, Mizowaki M, Suchitra T, Takayama H, Sakai S, Aimi N, Watanabe H (1996) Antinociceptive action of mitragynine in mice: evidence for the involvement of supraspinal opioid receptors. Life Sci 59:1149\u20131155","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5934_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2358","volume":"43","author":"R Meepong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meepong R, Sooksawate T (2019) Mitragynine reduced morphine-induced conditioned place preference and withdrawal in rodents. Thai J Pharm Sci 43(1):21\u201329","journal-title":"Thai J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"5934_CR41","first-page":"557","volume-title":"Goodman and Gilman\u2019s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","author":"CP O\u2019Brien","year":"1996","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien CP (1996) Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE (eds) Goodman and Gilman\u2019s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 557\u2013577"},{"issue":"7","key":"5934_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0830","volume":"169","author":"E Petrosky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petrosky E, Harpaz R, Fowler KA, Bohm MK, Helmick CG, Yuan K, Betz CJ (2018) Chronic pain among suicide decedents, 2003 to 2014: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Ann Intern Med 169(7):448\u2013455","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5934_CR43","first-page":"23","volume":"6","author":"PL Prather","year":"1992","unstructured":"Prather PL, Lal H (1992) Protracted withdrawal: sensitization of the anxiogenic response to cocaine in rats concurrently treated with ethanol. Neuropsychopharmacology 6:23\u201329","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"5934_CR44","first-page":"792","volume":"112","author":"WC Prozialeck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prozialeck WC, Jivan JK, Andurkar SV (2012) Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects. J Am Osteopath Assoc 112(12):792\u2013799","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"5934_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.003","volume":"70","author":"WC Prozialeck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prozialeck WC, Avery BA, Boyer EW, Grundmann O, Henningfield JE, Kruegel AC, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR, Swogger MC, Veltri CA, Singh D (2019) Kratom policy: the challenge of balancing therapeutic potential with public safety. Int J Drug Policy 70:70\u201377","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"5934_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.09.004","volume":"24","author":"SD Saingam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saingam SD, Assanangkornchai S, Geater AF, Balthip Q (2013) Pattern and consequences of krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use among male villagers in southern Thailand: a qualitative study. Int J Drug Pol 24:351\u2013358","journal-title":"Int J Drug Pol"},{"key":"5934_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00785-7","volume":"57","author":"K Sasaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sasaki K, Fan LW, Tien LT, Ma T, Loh HH, Ho IK (2002) The interaction of morphine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems in anxiolytic behavior: using mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Brain Res Bull 57:689\u2013694","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5934_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00065-9","volume":"51","author":"DW Self","year":"1998","unstructured":"Self DW, Nestler EJ (1998) Relapse to drug-seeking: neural and molecular mechanisms. Drug Alcohol Depend 51(1\u20132):49\u201360","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"5934_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14905","volume":"18","author":"P Seth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seth P, Scholl L, Rudd RA, Bacon S (2018) Overdose deaths involving opioids, cocaine, and psychostimulants - United States, 2015\u20132016. Am J Transplant 18(6):1556\u20131568","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"5934_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017","volume":"139","author":"D Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh D, M\u00fcller CP, Vicknasingam BK (2014) Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug Alcohol Depend 139:132\u2013137","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"5934_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1012610","volume":"47","author":"D Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh D, M\u00fcller CP, Vicknasingam BK, Mansor SM (2015) Social functioning of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. J Psycho Drugs 47(2):125\u2013131","journal-title":"J Psycho Drugs"},{"key":"5934_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2582","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2582","volume":"32","author":"D Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh D, Narayanan S, Vicknasingam B, Corazza C, Santacroce R, Roman-Urrestarazu A (2017) Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 32:e2582","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp"},{"issue":"5","key":"5934_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1511879","volume":"50","author":"D Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh D, Narayanan S, M\u00fcller CP, Swogger MT, Rahim AA, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Vicknasingam BK (2018) Severity of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) psychological withdrawal symptoms. J Psycho Drugs 50(5):445\u2013450","journal-title":"J Psycho Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"5934_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1096434","volume":"47","author":"MT Swogger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swogger MT, Hart E, Erowid F, Trabold N, Yee K, Parkhurst KA, Priddy BM, Walsh Z (2015) Experiences of kratom users: a qualitative analysis. J Psycho Drugs 47(5):360\u2013367","journal-title":"J Psycho Drugs"},{"key":"5934_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.012","volume":"183","author":"MT Swogger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swogger MT, Walsh Z (2018) Kratom use and mental health: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 183:134\u2013140","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5934_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00219-1","volume":"307","author":"M Tsuda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tsuda M, Suzuki T, Misawa M, Nagase H (1996) Involvement of the opioid system in the anxiolytic effect of diazepam in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 307:7\u201314","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"5934_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.011","volume":"136","author":"Z Utar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Utar Z, Majid MI, Adenan MI, Jamil MF, Lan TM (2011) Mitragynine inhibits the COX-2 mRNA expression and prostaglandin E (2) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol 136:75\u201382","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"5934_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00309-8","volume":"26","author":"IT Uzbay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uzbay IT, Lal H (2002) Effects of Ng-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 7-nitro indazole, and agmatine on pentylenetetrazol-induced discriminative stimulus in Long-Evans rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 26:567\u2013573","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr"},{"key":"5934_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00464","volume":"7","author":"K Vijeepallam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vijeepallam K, Pandy V, Kunasegaran T, Murugan DD, Naidu M (2016) Mitragyna speciosa leaf extract exhibits antipsychotic-like effect with the potential to alleviate positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in mice. Front Pharmacol 7:464","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"5934_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2165\/11596830-000000000-00000","volume":"25","author":"J Ward","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ward J, Rosenbaum C, Hernon C, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW (2011) Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs 25:999\u20131007","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"5934_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12185","volume":"21","author":"NH Yusoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yusoff NH, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu RK, Hassan Z, R\u00fcmler A, Rotter A, Amato D, Dringenberg HC, Mansor SM, Navaratnam V, M\u00fcller CP (2016) Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom). Addict Biol 21(1):98\u2013110","journal-title":"Addict Biol"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T15:11:27Z","timestamp":1725549087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}